Cohesion

1. Cohesion Lecture 8

2. 衔接是个语义概念，指语篇中的语义关系。 • Halliday and Hasan (1976)对衔接进行了详细的研究和分析。

3. Reference • 人称词： I me, us, we, you, yours, hers • 指示词： this, that, these, those, here, there, the • 比较词： so, more, less, equally, otherwise, differently, same, identical, similar, more, better • Three blind mice, three blind mice. • See how they run! See how they run!

4. 指称: 外指(exophora) 和内指(endophora ) • 内指包括 anaphora 和cataphora • Three boys are playing and one boy kicks the ball and it goes through the window and the ball breaks the window and the boys are looking at it and a man comes out and shouts at them because they’ve broken the window so they run away and then that lady looks out of her window and she tells the boys off.

5. They’re playing football and he kicks it and it goes through there it brakes the window and they’re looking at it and he comes out and shouts at them because they’ve broken it so they run away and then she looks out and she tells them off.

6. It is more important to note that a child who tells his teacher an imaginative story which she subsequently writes down for him is not engaged in creative writing; but in creative speaking.

7. Peter, peter, pumpkin eater, • Had a wife and couldn’t eat her. • He put her in a pumpkin shell • And there he kept her very well. • The sun was shining one the sea. • This is the house that Jack built.

8. Alice looked on with great interest as the King took an enormous memorandum book out of his pocket, and began writing. A sudden thought struck her and she took hold of the end of the pencil, which came some way over his shoulder, and began writing for him. • The poor King looked puzzled and unhappy, and struggled with the pencil for some time without saying anything, but Alice was too strong for him, and at last he panted out. “My dear! I really must get a thinner pencil. I can’t manage this one a bit; it writes all manner of thing that I don’t intend …”

9. Substitution • One, ones, same, do, so, not • My axe is too blunt. I must get a sharper one. • I’ll have two eggs on toast, please. • I’ll have the same. • Never a woman in Windsor knows more of Anne’s mind than I do. • They’ve failed, then? • I regret so.

10. Hens lay eggs. So they do! • He’ll come if he said so. • Of course not. • I believe so.

11. Ellipsis • Have you been swimming? – Yes, I have. • Has she been crying? – No, laughing. • Have some wine. • There isn’t any.

12. Conjunction • After the battle, there was a snowstorm. • And, but, before , after all, surely, anyway

13. Lexical cohesion • Repetition, collocation • Antonymy, synonymy • Hyponymy, meronymy

14. Everyone cheered. The leader acknowledged the applause. • Then they began to meet vegetation – prickly cactus-like plants and coarse grass ….

15. Abandon, desert, forsake • He abandoned his wife and went away with all their money • The soldier deserted his post. （ • She pleaded with her husband not to forsake her.

16. Abduct, kidnap • The police think the missing boy has been kidnapped. • The police caught the man who tried to abduct the boy.

17. Above, over • The lamp hung over the table. (垂直上下） • The sun rose above the horizon. • His strength is above the average. • He spoke for over an hour.

18. Action, act, deed • Action指行动的过程，act指行动的结果。有时可以换用。 • His heroic act (action) was long remembered. • A man of action does things；he is not content to just talk. （习惯性动作） • Brave men’s deeds live after them. （包含智慧与责任心）

19. Advance, move, proceed • The soldiers advanced 20 miles. • Now that our plans are settled let us proceed. / As soon as he came in he proceeded to tell us all his troubles. （开始或继续行动）

20. Affect, effect, influence • The climate has affected his health. • The new system of accounting will effect a reduction in costs. • Overwork has had an effect on his health. • Overwork has seriously affected his health. • The judge was never influenced in his decisions by his sympathies or prejudices.（在性质或行为发生变化）

21. Aged, old, elderly • The aged man was wrinkled and bent.（十分年老，带虚弱或衰退的意思） • Old强调年龄 • A hotel catering for elderly couples（已过壮年，但在年龄和精力比old年轻）

22. Annoy, bother • These flies are annoying me.（一时的心情不好，生气） • She was annoyed at your saying that. • I’m busy; don’t bother me.（造成较小的麻烦、不便、不快或烦恼） • The sight of him bothered her and set her heart beating faster.

23. Bare, bald, plain, simple • A bare room/ a room bare of furniture（简单无修饰的，几乎是空的） • A bald statement（无掩饰的，明了而简单的） • The meeting is quite plain.（平常的，朴素无装饰的） • A simple life（简单而普通的，质朴自然的）

24. Barely, hardly, scarcely • He was so weakened by the disease that he could barely stand up.（仅仅，勉强够） • We could hardly get out of the house, the snow was so deep.（几乎不，简直不） • We scarcely had time for breakfast.（不太够，几乎没有） • You can scarcely expect me to work in your company.（不可能，绝不）

25. Begin, commence, start • I’ll begin thinking on the matter tomorrow. • They commenced a lawsuit. • He started the engine working by pressing a button.（强调起点）

26. Benefit, profit • A summer at the seashore benefits the entire family.（益处） • No one benefits from a war except those who seek to profit by it. （获利，盈利）