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Marco Polo. Key Terms – The Mongols. Genghiz Khan Ghazan Russia Khan Tamerlane Kublai Khan Yuan Dynasty Pax Mongolia. Mongol Empire. The Mongol Entrance. Mongols were a horseback warrior culture located just north of China.
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Marco Polo Key Terms – The Mongols • Genghiz Khan • Ghazan • Russia • Khan • Tamerlane • Kublai Khan • Yuan Dynasty • Pax Mongolia
The Mongol Entrance • Mongols were a horseback warrior culture located just north of China. • Mongols had threatened China for numerous years and were the chief reason for the construction of the Great Wall to prevent their entry into the Chinese mainland. • The Mongols were unified under the rule of Genghiz Khan → leader of the Mongols who went on to conquer Russia and portions of the Muslim Empire.
Genghiz Khan • Genghiz Khan was able to conquer large amounts of territory due to his brutality and savvy. • Trained his soldiers to fight on horseback by hunting small game. • Made cities surrender without incident due to his brutality in other areas
Mongol Conquests in Southwest Asia • Under the rule of Ghazan, the Mongols were able to conquer large portions of the Muslim Empire in southwest Asia leading into the Middle East. • Ghazan himself would convert to Islam which would fortify the Muslim culture. • This conquest helped increase the flow of goods from Europe to Asia.
Mongol Conquest of Russia • Mongols would invade Russia in 1237 while it was still a country in its early stages. • Mongols would practice tolerance but would not allow them to have contact with the western world. • Would only take tribute and would not interfere with their religion, government or language. • Would be expelled after 200 years.
Mongol Conquest of Eastern Europe • Mongols would acquire control of Poland to prepare for an advance into Western Europe. • Mongols would gain control of Poland easily due to its poor government structure which was governed by a diet. • The Mongol khan (leader or ruler) would die before making and advance into Western Europe halting the Mongol movement.
Mongol Conquest of India • Under the reign of Tamerlane, the Mongols were able to conquer India in 1398 with a great show of brutality. • This occupation would only last one year but would have lasting effects as their military and government was severely weakened. • It would ultimately fall under the control of a Muslim dynasty known as the Moguls or Mughals in 1526.
The Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) - After 45 years of war with the Chinese, the Mongols were able to conquer China under the reign of Kublai Khan. - Kublai Khan → set up the Great Khanate of China, established the Yuan Dynasty in China.
Changes Under the Khanate - Kublai Khan placed many restrictions on the Chinese lifestyle. - Chinese were kept out of all the higher positions of government. - Chinese were not allowed to travel at night - Chinese could not own weapons - Chinese could not meet in groups - While he limited the Chinese in many ways, he also provided great reforms that benefited the Chinese - built hospitals, roads, canals - provided a basic welfare system through warehousing
Further Changes - Kublai Khan practiced tolerance within China. - he did not force Tibetan Buddhism upon the Chinese. - he appointed many Christians, Buddhists, and Daoists into government positions. - missions were allowed in China. - many converted to Islam within the Middle Eastern territories.
Changes in Trade - The construction of roads in China served the purpose of uniting the different Khanates across Europe and Asia. - Considering the tolerant nature of the Khans, trade became very easy and many merchants went into China for the purpose of trade. - This peace brought out by the Khans was known as the Pax Monglia.
Marco Polo - Upon allowing other merchants to enter China, one such merchant brought his son with him who remained with Kublai Khan; this person was Marco Polo. - Marco Polo would travel throughout many parts of the Mongol Empire as a government official and would return to Italy in 1295. - Though many of the advances Marco saw were denied, they were later accepted. These included: coal, paper money and a postal system
Decline of the Mongols - The Mongols would fall apart after the death of Kublai Khan in 1298. - The Empire would be broken up into the Golden Horde in Russia and the Balkans, the Yuan in China and the Ilkhan in Western Asia. - Chu Yan-chang, a Buddhist monk woul dlead an uprising that would oust the Yuan Dynasty from Beijing and would start the Ming Dynasty.
