The Islamic World

1. The Islamic World Chapter 11 A.D 570- A.D.1250

3. The Rise of Islam • Objectives • Describe how geography affected the people of the Arabian Peninsula • Explain how Islam Began • Identify the main beliefs of Islam

4. Arabia: Geography & People • Arabian Peninsula • Bordered by Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and Syrian Desert • Mostly desert • Bedouins • Arabian Herders that were nomadic • Leader referred as Sheikh • Coastal • Milder climates to support people & towns • Townspeople were traders • Mecca is a caravan route across the desert

5. Prophet Muhammad • Made a living as a caravan trader • At age 40, called by Allah to be a prophet and revealed verses for Muhammad to recite • Mecca merchant feared teachings of one god would stop the pilgrimages Kaaba • Muhammad and follower take a hijrah to Yathrib

6. Prophet Muhammad • After the move to Yathrib, Muhammad gained many desert tribe followers • Mecca submitted to the teachings after several years of war • Muhammad destroyed idols in the Kaaba and rededicated it to Allah • Through wise policies, tolerance, and force, many converted to new religion Islam

7. The Faith of Islam • Based on the idea of only one god…must obey God’s will • Islam translates “submission to God” • Qur’an is the holy book of Islam • Some basic rule to Islam • Live humble lives, be tolerant & generous, no eating pork or drinking alcohol • Emphasizes the importance of jihad, the struggle to defend the faith • Worship at Mosques • no furnishings, images of people , or animals • Only mats to kneel on

9. The Five Pillars of Islam • The profession of faith • no god but God Allah • Muhammad is the messenger of God • The Five daily Prayers • ritual of washing and prescribed movements • Must face the direction of Mecca • Paying zakat • Annual tax to help the poor

10. The Five Pillars of Islam • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan • Eat or drink nothing from dawn to sunset • Reminds them of the importance of self discipline, dependence on the creator, and feeling of the poor • Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once • meet to pray & perform rituals to remind them of the faith of Abraham

11. The Spread of Islam • Objectives • Explore how the Muslims expanded their empire • Explain how the Islamic community divided

12. The Spread of Islam • Abu Bakr • was given the title caliph, “successor to the prophet” • Brought the Arabic tribes together & spread Islam northward • Umar • Strong leader w/well run government • Conquered non-Muslim territories

13. The Spread of Islam • Muslim empire spreads to Syria, Persia, and North Africa • Arab policy • Entered many treaties w/out battle • Tolerant toward other religions • Accept Islam or pay extra taxes • People who refused demands were killed • W/in 100 yrs., Islam spread east to India, west to North Africa, conquered Mediterranean Sea islands

15. Islam Divides • Infighting over caliph split the Islamic community • Mu’awiyah or ‘Ali • Sunni • Means “way of the prophet” or “habitual practice” • Agreed to accept Mu’awiyah • Believed that agreement among Muslim people should settle religious matters • Shi‛ah • Believed that Ali’s descendants (imams) should decide religious and worldly matters

16. Islam Divides • Sufi • Muslim mystics who tried to live simple lives centered on God • Turned away from worldly possessions and success • Believed faith in God marked your worth

18. Empire Continues • General Tariq led Muslim Army that conquered Spain • The Moors were Muslims who made Spain their home • Ruled parts of Spain for 700 years

19. Turks & Islam • Nomadic people that lived by fighting and raiding • Settled into present day Iraq • Growing power caused shift away from caliph to sultan • By 1200 AD, the Turks had seized Syria, Mesopotamia, parts of Asia Minor, and most of Northern India

20. Islamic Civilazation • Explain what Muslim society and family life were like • Identify Muslim achievements in Science • Explain how Islam influenced Arab art and literature

21. Government & Economy • Location allowed trade with Europe, Asia, and Africa • Produced silk, cotton, wool, carpets, metal products • Organized into provinces • Broken into 3 caliphates • Ruled by caliphs in Baghdad, Cairo, and Cordoba

22. Family Life • Family was the core of daily life • Lived according to the Qur’an • Expected to follow Islamic laws in public and private life • Slavery was common • Arranged marriages with right to refuse for women • Family and mosque responsible for education

23. Science • Made advances in the use of herbs, foods, and prepared drugs • Advancement in techniques of dissection to study anatomy • Correctly diagnosed diseases and New ideas about hygiene • Pass examinations to practice medicine • Established 1st school of pharmacy and encyclopedia of known drugs, preparation and effects • Established concept of the hospital • Al-Razi was the 1st to clearly describe measles and small pox

24. Math • Learned new number system from India • Developed Arabic numerals • Used decimals in Arab • Wrote about al-jabor, which became algebra • Spread mathematical ideas to Europe

25. Art and Architecture • Religious art does not show human or animal forms • Uses geometric or floral designs • Mosques designed to show the glory of Islam and power of the ruler • Mosques designed to house thousands of followers • A minaret was attached to let a crier call Muslims to worship

27. Literature • Caliphs were great patrons of the arts • Writers lived with the caliphs • The story of Scheherazade • Stories of Muslim Folktales • Known as the collection of The Thousand and One Nights