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The Mongols

The Mongols. Background and effects. Background. Chronology of the Mongol Empire. 1206-1227 Reign of Chinggis Khan 1211-1234 Conquest of northern China 1219-1221 Conquest of Persia 1237-1241 Conquest of Russia 1258 Capture of Baghdad 1264-1279 Conquest of southern China.

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The Mongols

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  1. The Mongols • Background and effects

  2. Background Chronology of the Mongol Empire • 1206-1227Reign of Chinggis Khan • 1211-1234Conquest of northern China • 1219-1221Conquest of Persia • 1237-1241Conquest of Russia • 1258 Capture of Baghdad • 1264-1279Conquest of southern China

  3. Mongolian ConquestsFirst Period - 1206

  4. Mongolian ConquestsSecond Period 1206 - 1219

  5. Mongolian ConquestsThird Period 1219 - 1223

  6. Mongolian ConquestsFourth Period 1223 – 1227Death of Chinggis Khan

  7. Mongolian ConquestsFifth Period 1227 - 1237

  8. Mongolian ConquestsSixth Period 1237 - 1259

  9. The Mongols and the Eurasian Empire • Built ??? Stretching from ??? To ??? • 13.8 million square miles • ??? People under Mongol rule

  10. The Mongol Empire at its height

  11. Who were the Mongols? • From ??? • Nomadic peoples • United under ???? (or Chinggis Khan) • “Courage Culture” – WHAT IS THIS?

  12. Inner Eurasia Steppe Outer Eurasia

  13. The Steppe How would you characterize this region?

  14. Temujin • Born ??? • Fatherless • Master of ???? • Courage in battle, making ???, threats of ???, deception, trickery, and clan ???

  15. Temujin “Man’s greatest joy is in victory: to conquer one’s enemies, to pursue them, to deprive them of their possessions, to make their beloved weep, to ride on their horses, and to embrace their wives and daughters…” • Warlike and merciless • Fighting wasn’t enough – only winning was important • 1206 CE – made “Chinggis Khan” or ???

  16. Mongol Art of War • Large, mobile ??? • Expert ??? • Use of ??? • All soldiers ??? • Battle tactics – used ??? A “ger” or “yurt”

  17. Mongol Art of War • “Cutting Edge Weapons” • Accurate and powerful ??? • Highly protective ??? • Use of ???

  18. Psychological Warfare • Mongols would slaughter the inhabitants of a few cities. WHY??? A Persian Observer from the 13th century: “In one stroke, a world which billowed with fertility was laid desolate, and the regions thereof became a desert, and the greater part of the living and their skin and bones crumbling in the dust; and the mighty were humbled and immersed in the calamities of perdition…” Historian John Fairbank: “By putting cities to the sword, they let terror run ahead of them.”

  19. Background • After the death of Chinggis Khan, problems with??? Led to ???

  20. Effects of Mongol Rule • Effects on Eurasia • Pax Mongolia – under the Mongols there was: • Unprecedented ??? • Widespread exchange of ??? • Widespread ??? Mongols were ??? • Stable government based on ?? • Establishment of ??? (Yasa) • Religious ???

  21. Mongol Effects on Eurasia • Black Plague • Mongols used ??? As ??? At the Battle of Kalla • Spread disease to Western Europe • How???

  22. BUT the Mongols did not produce: • Any technological breakthroughs • A new religion • Many written books • Any permanent structures (other than bridges) • Any architectural achievements

  23. Mongol Effects on Europe • Western Europe • Mongols turned away from ??? Which means ??? • W.E. gains due to ??? • Strong relationship between ??? Led to??? • Increased trade (Where?) led to spread of ???

  24. Mongol Effects on Europe • Eastern Europe • Mongols defeated ??? Because ??? • Eastern Europe was ??? So…???

  25. Mongol Effects on Europe • Russia • Mongol defeat of ??? In 1224 puts Russian people under Mongol rule • Most cities ???, rest had to ??? • Local Russian rulers were ??? • Few ??? In Russia. WHY???

  26. Mongol Effects on Europe • Rise of Muscovy (Moscow) • Mongol destruction of ??? Leads to ??? • Moscow becomes ??? • Ivan III defeats the Mongols in 1480, Mongol rule over Russia ends • Mongol rule limited ??? Leads to: • ??? • ???

  27. Mongol Effects on Japan and Korea • Mongols fail to conquer Japan • Tried to ??? • Mongol rule – little to no effect on Japan • Korea – Mongols defeated the Koryo dynasty • Economy and ??? Suffered. WHY?? • Ruling family ??? But Mongols ???

  28. Mongol Effects on SE Asia • Mongols conquered ??? And Laos but ??? • Failed to conquer Vietnam – WHY??? • Mongols encouraged Chinese merchants to ??? – WHY??? Vietnam defeats Mongols

  29. Mongol Effects on SW Asia • Muslim societies of SW Asia had ??? • Baghdad ?? And Abbasid Empire ??? • Mongols controlled Islamic world from ??? To ??? • What ISLAMIC areas remained outside of Mongol control? • Mongol rule allowed ??? Culture after ???

  30. Mongol Effects on China • Mongols defeat ??? And establish the Yuan Dynasty • Abolished ??? WHY??? • But continued ??? • Promoted trade and commerce – Led to ??? • Encouraged the movement of ??? • Supported ??? How?? • But….????

  31. Cultural Effects of the Yuan Dynasty • Protected Mongol identity • Forbidding Mongols to ??? • Chinese were forbidden ??? • Mongols did not accept ??? • Opted instead to ??? – Led to?? • Religious toleration encouraged

  32. Social Effects of the Yuan Dynasty • New Social Hierarchy – based on ???, put ??? At the bottom • Han Chinese were ??? • But….??? • Women – were expected to ???, rejected ??? • But….???

  33. How does this look sinicized? Kublai Khan • Grandson of ??? • Well-educated • Preferred ??? – Not ??? • Extends ??? To Beijing • Wanted to appear more ??? • Chinese and foreign advisors – like ??? • In private ??? Marco Polo en route to China

  34. Fall of the Yuan Dynasty • Shortest-lived of the major Chinese Dynasties (1264CE to 1368 CE) • Decline caused by: • Series of weak rulers • Lack of cohesion due to ??? • Chinese never ??? • High ??? • ???

  35. Fall of the Yuan Dynasty • Overthrown by Zhu Yuanzhang (When???) • Buddhist monk • Establishes ???

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