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Urbanization, Immigration, and Political Machines

Urbanization, Immigration, and Political Machines. USHC-4. Urbanization – The Growth of Cities. Immigrants and African-Americans became city dwellers in the North Cheapest place to live Afforded more opportunities for work (mills and factories)

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Urbanization, Immigration, and Political Machines

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  1. Urbanization, Immigration, and Political Machines USHC-4

  2. Urbanization – The Growth of Cities • Immigrants and African-Americans became city dwellers in the North • Cheapest place to live • Afforded more opportunities for work (mills and factories) • Most Irish settled in Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia • The Great Migration = From 1890 to 1910, some 200,000 African American moved to Chicago and Detroit in an effort to escape racism in the south • They will create new competition for jobs in these cities

  3. Urban Planning: William Le Baron Jenney • 1832 – 1907 • “Father of the ModernSkyscraper” • Used steel frame

  4. Use of steel as a superstructure. • Planned Chicago city layout Urban Planning: D. H. Burnham

  5. The Six Urban Problems • Housing • Transportation • Water • Sanitation • Crime • Fire

  6. Urban Problems-Housing: • Dumbbell tenement • Row House • Ethic Neighborhoods

  7. Urban Housing Problems: Ethnic Neighborhoods Most neighborhoods had more than one ethnic group living in the tenements. This aided Americanization but also helped groups to preserve their traditions and religious practices from their homeland.

  8. Urban Problems: Transportation • Horse drawn vehicles • Cable cars • Underground cable cars • Electric subway (1897) • Suspension Bridge (Brooklyn Bridge)

  9. Urban Problems: Water • Cities had trouble supplying fresh water • New York homes seldom had indoor plumbing • Residents had to collect the water from outdoor faucets and heat it for baths • Chlorination was used in 1893 to help clean the water

  10. Urban Problems: Sanitation • Manure piled up in the streets • Factory smoke filled the air • Sewers overflowed

  11. Urban Problems: Fire • The lack of running water did not help the rise in fires within cities • Dwellings made of all wood • Use of candles and kerosene heaters aided in the fires • Fire departments were volunteer until 1853 in Cincinnati • One building caught, the other did as well

  12. San Francisco Earthquake and Fire Of 1906

  13. Urban Problems: Political Machines • This was an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city • Immigrants connected into American political system • Jobs and housing for your vote. • Patronage • Graft

  14. Political Boss • Bosses would except bribes (cash for silence) to allow illegal activities to thrive in their districts • They allowed gambling, and later, drinking in speak easies • Police rarely interfered because they were on the payroll (until 1890)

  15. Role of the PartyBoss • Boss Tweed controlled thousands of municipal jobs in New York City • Police • Fire • Sanitation • He controlled license distribution • He controlled inspections • He helped place judges on the municipal courts

  16. Immigrants and the Machine • The bosses met these poor saps at the dock (FOB’s or “fresh off the boat”) • They became loyal supporters • Many of these bosses were first or second generation immigrants themselves • Few were educated beyond grammar school • The machines helped immigrants get naturalized, found them a place to live, and got them jobs. All they wanted was their vote.

  17. Immigrants From Europe • 1870 – 1920 – 20 million Europeans came to the US • Before 1890, most came from western and northern Europe (GB, Ireland, and Germany) • After 1890, most came from eastern and southern Europe or Asia (Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia)

  18. Ellis Island:The Golden Door • This was the EastCoast immigration inspection station • Ellis Island is in New York Harbor • What you had to do to get in: • Pass a medical exam • Checked for chronic diseases • Pass a literacy test in your native language • Documents were checked • Must have at least $25 • Between 1892 and 1943, more than 16 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island

  19. Angel Island:Golden Door • This Western gate was where many Chinese and Japanese passed through • Located in San Francisco Bay • 50,000 Chinese entered between 1910 and 1940 • Immigrants were harshly questioned and detained for long durations

  20. The US: A Melting Pot Society Assimilation = AMERICANIZE

  21. Nativists • Nativism = an overt favoritism toward native-born Americans • WASP = White Anglo Saxon Protestant

  22. What do WASPs want? • They are Social Darwinist who want immigrants from the “right” countries • England • German • Scandinavian • Believe they are culturally superior • Anti- Irish (at first),Slavs, Asians, and Latin Americans

  23. Anti-Asian Sentiment:Western U.S. • American Protective Association (APA) • Miners Tax • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

  24. The Gentleman’s Agreement • The same fears about the Chinese led to fears about the Japanese • President Theodore Roosevelt made the Gentleman’s Agreement in 1908.

  25. Social Gospel Movement • Preached salvation through Christian service to the urban poor. • Helped to Americanize immigrants • Started the Settlement House movement

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