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Ch. 12 Key Issue 1

Ch. 12 Key Issue 1. Where Did Services Originate?. Origins of Services. Service = useful labor that does not produce a tangible commodity People have always provided other people with services. However, from a very early period, services have tended to cluster in communities .

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Ch. 12 Key Issue 1

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  1. Ch. 12 Key Issue 1 Where Did Services Originate?

  2. Origins of Services • Service = useful labor that does not produce a tangible commodity • People have always provided other people with services. • However, from a very early period, services have tended to cluster in communities. • Early services: • Burial and religion. • Food storage. • Education and entertainment • Trade. • Defense.

  3. What is a Service? • Tertiary jobs • More in MDCs than LDCs • Money given in exchange for something • Located in settlements • Located in a specific place- close to markets

  4. Three Types of Services • Consumer • For individuals who desire and can afford them • Largest type of service • Business • To help other businesses • Public (government) • Security and protection • Largest growth in services, decline in primary and secondary in MDCs

  5. Distribution of Services • Every city provides both consumer and business services. But not every city has the same number or kind of services. And consumer services and business services do not necessarily have the same distributions. • Consumer services tend to show a pattern based on the size of settlements (KI 3– Christaller’s Central Place Theory). • Business services tend to cluster very heavily in certain major cities (KI 4!).

  6. Early Rural Settlement Services • Pastoral nomads eventually settled down • What services were they going to need? • Public and consumer first

  7. Early Consumer Services • Bury dead  structures for dwellings and ceremonies • Women kept “home and hearth” • Made goods, educated children • Unburdened men able to travel further for food • Household evolved into what we know today • Settlements became manufacturing centers

  8. Early Public Services • Followed religious consumer services • Protection/defend food sources • Some became soldiers • Built walls • Settlements become citadels (fortresses)

  9. Early Business Services • Origin of transportation services? • Bring back extra food from hunting and gathering and store it in settlement  become warehousing centers: need to transport it out to community • Uneven distribution of resources • Not same food, vegetation, etc. everywhere trade with other settlements  settlements became trading centers

  10. Services in Early Urban Settlements • Ancient Cities • Diffused from 4 culture hearths of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley • Ur (Iraq) and TitrisHoyuk were earliest • Well planned communities • Athens • City-state; more consumer/cultural services • Rome • Settlements were military and trade functioning  transportation services (“all roads lead to Rome”)

  11. Services in Medieval Cities • Feudal system • Kings gave Lords land in exchange for loyalty; Lords gave serfs (peasant) land in exchange for military service • Serfs set up own cities  trade between cities • Largest urban settlements become power centers • Walls densely built

  12. New Patterns of Economic Activity • Outsourcing – moving individual steps in the production process (of a good or a service) to a supplier who focuses on production and offers a cost savings (on labor). • Offshore – Outsourced work that is located outside of the country. • Specialized aspects of the service economy • Quaternary sector- information gathering and sharing (data processing, telecommunications), lower-level education (K-12): “Knowledge sector” • Quinary sector- high level management (CEOs), government: “Decision making sector” • Service dominated areas are now in a “postindustrial” time • Proximity to infrastructure and knowledge, not resources or markets • Transformation of cities from indust. to service oriented

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