Chapter 23 FROM ROOSEVELT TO WILSON IN THE AGE OF PROGRESSIVISM

1. Chapter 23FROM ROOSEVELT TO WILSON IN THE AGE OF PROGRESSIVISM America Past and Present Eighth Edition

2. The Spirit of Progressivism • Progressivism touched all aspects of society • Characteristics that gave it definition • Concern about effects of industrialization • Optimistic about human nature & potential for progress • Willing to intervene in others lives, either private charity or govt • Sense of evangelical Protestant duty & faith in the benefits of science • Commitment to improve all aspects of American life p.654-655

3. The Rise of the Professions • Professions bulwarks of Progressivism • Law • Medicine • Business • Education • Social work • Source of much of the leadership for the progressive movement* p.655-657

4. The Social-Justice Movement • Ministers, intellectuals, social workers, & lawyers focused national attention on tenement house laws, more stringent child labor legislation, & better working conditions for women • More interested in social cures than individual charity • Applied scientific methods to social reform • Social work became a profession p.656-657

5. The Purity Crusade • Reformers were stricken by the degree alcohol affected lives • Wages squandered, violence • 1911~ Membership in Women's Christian Temperance Union hit 250k • 1916 ~ 19 states prohibit alcohol • 1920 ~ 18th Amend prohibits alcohol p.657-658

6. Woman Suffrage, Woman's Rights • Women filled Progressive ranks • National Conference of Social Work • General Federation of Women's Clubs • 1890 ~ National American Woman Suffrage Association formed • 1920 ~ 19th Amendment passed • Suffrage seen as empowering women to benefit the disadvantaged & purify govt p.658-660

7. Women’s Suffrage Before 1900 p.659

8. A Ferment of Ideas:Challenging the Status Quo • Progressives & pragmatists valued truth & the “conduct it dictates” ~ Wm James • Reject social Darwinism • John Dewey: Education should stress personal growth, free inquiry, creativity • And, learning by doing ~ Most influential • Judge Lindsey, Louis Brandies and “Sociological Jurisprudence” ~ Later p.660-662

9. A Ferment of Ideas:Challenging the Status Quo (2) • 1901 ~ Socialist party formed uniting intellectuals, factory workers, tenant farmers, miners, lumberjacks • By 1911, 32 cities have Socialist mayors • Promises Progressive reform rather than overthrow of capitalism • 1912 ~ Socialist presidential candidate Eugene Debs polls over 900k votes p.660-662

10. Reform in the Cities & States • Progressives wanted govt to follow the public will • Reform govt • Reorganize for efficiency, effectiveness • New agencies address particular social ills • Posts staffed with experts* • Govt power extended at all levels p.662

11. Interest Groups & the Decline of Popular Politics • Decline in voter participation • 77% from 1876–1900 • 65% from 1900–1916 • 52% in the 1920s • Remained near 52% thru 20th century • Interest groups got favorable legislation thru lobbying p.662-663

12. Voter Participation in Presidential Elections, 1876–1920 p.662

13. Reform in the Cities • Urban reform leagues worked to increase efficiency & get results • Reformers created regulatory commissions which hired engineers to oversee utilities, physicians to improve municipal health, & city planners to oversee park & road development • City manager idea spread • Reform mayors • Tom Johnson of Cleveland • "Golden Rule" Jones of Toledo p.663-664

14. Action in the States • State regulatory commissions created to investigate business conduct • Initiative, referendum, & recall created • All but 3 states used primary elections by 1916 • 1913 ~ Seventeenth Amendment provided for direct election of US Senators p.664-665

15. Action in the States:Reform Governors • Robert La Follette of Wisconsin • “Wisconsin Idea” tapped experts in higher education for help in sweeping reforms • Most famous reform governor • Other Progressive governors • Hiram Johnson of California • Charles Evans Hughes of New York • Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey p.664-665

16. The Republican Roosevelt • Following assassination of Wm McKinley, took office at age 42 • In contrast to McKinley, he was open, aggressive & high-spirited • Regularly met with a multitude of visitors to the White House ~ BT Wash • Surrounded himself with able associates • Often “stood on booth side of the fence” p.665-666

17. Busting the Trusts • 1902: Wave of trust-busting led by suit against Northern Securities Company ~ Sherman Anti-Trust violation • 1904: Northern Securities dissolved • Roosevelt reputed a "trust-buster" • Comparatively few antitrust cases under Roosevelt, Taft did almost twice as many in half the time p.666-667

18. "Square Deal" in the Coalfields • 1902: United Mine Workers strike for better working conditions in PA • Threatened US economy ~ TR “brokered” • UMW & owners invited to White House • Roosevelt won company concessions by threatening military seizure of mines • Leaked the information • TR saw fed govt as a broker between powerful elements in society p.667

19. Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height • 1904—A four-way election • Republican—Theodore Roosevelt • Democrat—Alton B. Parker • Socialist—Eugene V. Debs • Prohibition—Silas C. Swallow • Roosevelt won 57% of popular vote, 336 electoral votes p.667

20. The Election of 1904 p.668

21. Regulating the Railroads • 1903: Elkins Act prohibited railroad rebates, strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission • Widespread popular demand for further railroad regulation after Roosevelt’s reelection • 1906: Hepburn Act further strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission • Membership from five to seven • May fix reasonable maximum rates • Jurisdiction broadened to include oil pipeline, express, sleeping car companies p.667-668

22. Cleaning Up Food and Drugs • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) prompted fed investigation of meatpacking industry • 1906: Meat Inspection Act • Sets rules for sanitary meatpacking • Requires govt inspection of meat products • Samuel Hopkins Adams exposed dangers of patent medicines • 1906: Pure Food & Drug Act • Required manufacturers to list certain ingredients • Banned manufacture & sale of adulterated drugs p.668-669

23. Conserving the Land • Estab’d Natl Commission on the Conservation of Natural Resources • TR worked with Gifford Pinchot, Chief of Forest Service • Policy defined “conservation” as wise use of natural resources • Quadrupled acreage under fed protection p.669-670

24. National Parks & Forests p.670

25. The Ordeal of William Howard Taft • Taft: Able administrator, poor president • He had a long list of successful administrative positions behind him • Ohio judge, solicitor general of US, fed circuit judge, governor general of Philippines, Sec of War • Weighing close to 300 lbs, he was not nearly as active as TR • He preferred the solitude of a judge • Republicans spt’d a return to a conservative stance p.670-671

26. The Election of 1908 p.670

27. The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair • Gifford Pinchot leading conservationist, Roosevelt appointee • Pinchot accused Interior Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger of selling public lands to friends • Taft fired Pinchot • Pinchot had been right which antagonized the Progressives against Taft p.672

28. Taft Alienates the Progressives • 1910: Taft successfully pushed Mann-Elkins Act to strengthen ICC • Empowers ICC to fix railroad rates • An anit-progressive move • Progressives became anti-Taft • 1910: Taft opposed Progressive Republicans in mid-term elections, Demos gained Congress p.672

29. Taft Alienates the Progressives • Successfully backed laws to regulate mine & railroad safety • Sixteenth Amendment created income tax • Taft a greater trustbuster than Roosevelt • Taft & TR attack one another publicly • 1912: Taft renominated by Republicans, little chance for victory p.673

30. Differing Philosophies in the Election of 1912 • Roosevelt: Progressive ~ "Bull Moose" • “New Nationalism” • Fed regulation of economy • Wasteful competition replaced by efficiency • Woodrow Wilson: D-Gov of NJ • Promised "New Freedom" for the individual • Restrain big business, govt • Democrats won White House & Congress p.673-675

31. p.674

32. Wilson won because of the split in the Republican Party* p.674

33. Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom • Woodrow Wilson: Former president of Princeton & Governor of New Jersey • Progressive, intellectual, inspiring orator • His was rapid & he came to office w/ limited experience in national issues, but he learned fast • Very little political baggage • One of America's most effective presidents p.675

34. The New Freedom in Action • 1913: Underwood Tariff • Lowered tariffs 15% & removed completely from some consumer goods • 1913: Federal Reserve Act ~ Most important domestic law of Wilson admin • 1914: Clayton Antitrust Act outlawed unfair trade practices, protected unions • 1914: Federal Trade Commission • Oversee business practices p.675-676

35. New Freedom in Action: Retreating from Reform • 1914 ~ Wilson announces "New Freedom" has been achieved • Tariff, banking & antitrust promise a brighter future • Many progressives stunned that he thought society’s ills were so easily cured, the New Republic wrote, his statements “cast suspicion either upon his own sincerity or upon his grasp of the reality of modern social & industrial life.” p.675-676

36. Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism • Distracted by the outbreak of war in Europe in Aug 1914 ~ Beginnings of WWI • Recession struck the economy • Some blamed Wilson’s tariff changes • Refused to spt a minimum wage for women bill & another on child labor • Failed to block attempts to segregate fed workers p.676-680

37. Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism • 1916 ~ Presidential election was close, but Wilson won on issues of peace (stay out of WWI) & progressivism • By end of 1912 ~ He had enacted most of the important parts of TR’s progressive party platform of 1912 • It was a blend of two competing doctrines (Demo & Rep) of progressivism p.676-680

38. The Fruits of the Progressivism • Reform of government at all levels • Intelligent planning of reform • World War I ends Progressive optimism p.680-681

39. Chapter 23FROM ROOSEVELT TO WILSON IN THE AGE OF PROGRESSIVISM America Past and Present Eighth Edition End