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Understanding Bone Fractures: Classification and Healing Process

Learn about bone fracture types, classifications, and the 4 stages of bone fracture repair process. Explore diagrams and explanations for better comprehension.

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Understanding Bone Fractures: Classification and Healing Process

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  1. Bone Repair

  2. Bone Fractures 4 Ways to Classify Bone Fractures • The position of the bone ends after fracture • Nondisplaced • Displaced • The completeness of the break • Complete • Incomplete • The orientation of the bone to the long axis • Linear • Transverse • Whether the bone ends penetrate the skin • Closed/ Simple • Open/ Compound

  3. Types of Bone Fractures • Nondisplaced • Bone ends retain their normal position • Displaced • Bone ends are out of normal alignment • Complete • Bone is broken all the way through • Incomplete • Bone is not broken all the way through • Linear • Fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone • Transverse • Fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone • Closed/ simple • Does not penetrate the skin • Open/ compound • Does penetrate the skin

  4. In Addition to those 4 Classifications… Fractures can be described by: • Location of the fracture • External appearance of the fracture • Nature of the break

  5. Common Types of Fractures Table 6.2.1

  6. Common Types of Fractures Table 6.2.2

  7. Common Types of Fractures Table 6.2.3

  8. 4 Stages of Bone Fracture Repair • Hematoma Formation • Fibrocartilaginous callus formation • Bony callus formation • Bone remodeling

  9. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

  10. First Stage in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma Formation • Torn blood vessels hemorrhage • A mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site • Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed Hematoma Hematoma formation 1 Figure 6.14.1

  11. Second Stage in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Fibrocartilaginous callus forms • Granulation tissue (soft callus) forms a few days after the fracture • Capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris External callus New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabeculae Fibrocartilaginous callus formation 2 Figure 6.14.2

  12. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture • The fibrocartilaginous callus forms when: • Osteoblasts and fibroblasts migrate to the fracture and begin reconstructing the bone • Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers that connect broken bone ends • Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone • Osteoblasts furthest from capillaries secrete an externally bulging cartilaginous matrix that later calcifies

  13. Third Stage in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Bony callus formation • New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus • Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus • Bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months later Bony callus of spongy bone Bony callus formation 3 Figure 6.14.3

  14. Fourth Stage in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Bone remodeling • Excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed • Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls Healing fracture Bone remodeling 4 Figure 6.14.4

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