Stalin & USSR 1945-1953 Objectives…

1. Stalin & USSR 1945-1953 Objectives… • Analyze life in the USSR during the Cold War • Judge the final legacy of Joseph Stalin (Uncle Joe) • Analyze the changes that take place after the death of Joseph Stain in the USSR

2. Stalin and the USSR 1945-1953 3 Themes • Industrial Growth • Economic Problems &  Quality of Life • Stalin Totalitarianism continued

3. 1. Industrial Growth • heavy industry grew in USSR • steel, coal, heavy machinery, MILITARY GOODS  • What happened to military costs in the USSR? • Other Stalin initiatives? • Industrialize!! • Another 5-year Plan • RR and Nuclear Power Plants

4. 2. Economic Problems and Quality of Life • Consumer goods? • Scarce and Poor Quality… • Few luxury goods (cars) • Free Market consumer goods are better… • Quality of life for Eastern Europeans? • What cruel policy returned to more of Eastern Europe now? • COMECON? • USSR benefitted off satellite nations • Modernization pushed by Stalin

5. Why was USSR behind with consumer goods • Who is in charge of supply & demand under Communism? • Government!! (not…) • gov planners out of touch with needs/demands of people • Why is the quality of USSR goods poor? • lifetime job security gives little incentive…LAZY

6. 3. Stalin suppressed the Russian people!! • What tactics do we still see? • Russification, God, Order, Censorship • More purges…who was killed off, which will later hurt the USSR? (déjà vu) • Generals • Intellectuals…TALENT…just like 

7. USSR – China Alliance ends Over the decades • Stalin helped China modernize • Mao felt Stalin was too conservative & too cooperative with Capitalist powers • border disputes • 1960s…USSR withdrew all advisors from China • Alliance “ends”

8. 2. USA vs USSR1949-1953

9. a. Communism Spreads! • 1949 China is Communist • Mao Zedong • USA fears spread of Communism more

10. 1949 USSR Tests 1st Atomic Bomb “Joe 1”

11. b. 1950-1953 KoreanWar

12. Korean War • Korea liberated from Japan in 1945 • Communist North • Democratic South • North invades South with Stalin’s OK (analogy?) • USA gets UN support to help south  • Truman vs MacArthur  • 1953 = Armistice • border about the same • USA = containment a success (~5 million dead)

13. 1952-60… New U.S. President is Dwight Eisenhower

14. Eisenhower’s Philosophy? • Massive Retaliation • AKA Brinksmanship… • Advocates use of nuclear weapons to oppose Soviet aggression • Softer or Harder on Communism? • Harder & Scarier

15. Ike‘s Confrontations • Suez Crisis (1952-1956) • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Who won/lost? • Iran 1953 • PM Mohammad Mossadegh • Missile Gap… • U-2 Spy Plane 1960

16. USSR takes the lead in the Arms Race! • August 1957  • 1st Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)

17. October 1957…Sputnik 1 is the first satellite in space • both scare USA (Oct Sky) • “Missile gap” • USA’s first ICBM is 1959

18. Laika the Space Dog…1957

19. Stalin dies in 1953 • Left the USSR at its peak… • Industrial production • But also Repression • Gradual shift away from Stalin after his death

20. Rulers After Stalin • Nikita Khrushchev 1953-1964 • Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982 • Instability 1982-1985 • Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-1991 • Post 1991 = Boris Yeltsin, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev Russian Federation

21. Nikita Khrushchev is a different kind of ruler • 1956…goes after Stalin in what is called the “Secret Speech” • AKA “On the Cult of Personality and its Consequences” JoePa • publicly denounced Stalin’s abuse of power • Called Stalin a criminal (purges)

22. De-Stalinization • Stalin’s presence (legend) removed from the USSR  • Pol & Soc Changes • political prisoners are freed • power of secret police (KGB) is reduced • eased censorship…more negative books allowed • allowed intellectual freedom • wanted “peaceful coexistence” with West (ha)

23. Economic Changes • Tried to diversify industry… • more light industry & consumer goods • Less heavy industry • more power to local farmers • less power to big gov • Effects… • big industry weakens ($$) • agricultural mistakes & rising military costs hurts economy

24. b. SofteningStalin’s Iron Curtain • Eastern Europe  • What is Eastern Europe trying to do this whole time? • Stalin’s Ropes (?) • Khrushchev’s Ropes (?)

25. Iron Curtain Softens • Khrushchev eases the ropes • Effect? • Eastern Europe will try to break away!!! • Revolt in Hungary in 1956 • Khrushchev sends tanks to crush rebellion • There will be more!

26. 2nd Berlin Crisis • Tale of 2 cities/ spheres…East vs West • What problem is making the USSR look bad? • Eastern Europeans fleeing to West Berlin • NK’s Solution in 1958 + 1961? • Outcome in both?

27. ii. 1961 = Berlin Wall

29. “All Walls Eventually Fall”

32. Berlin Wall Watchtower

33. Purpose of the wall? • Berlin Wall prevented Eastern Europeans from crossing over to West Berlin

35. What if you tried to cross?

38. b. Cuban Missile Crisis 1959? 1961?

39. Oct.1962 USSR Missiles found in Cuba

40. USA + USSR on brink of Nuclear War

41. Outcome? A deal was made… • USA vowed not to invade Cuba • USSR removed the missiles • USA kept missiles in Turkey

42. JFK‘s Finest hours

43. Cuban Missile Crisis is final disgrace for Khrushchev • Replaced as 1st Secretary and Premier in 1964

44. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, what war did JFK tell advisors to read a certain best-selling book so that the USA wouldn’t blunder into a war too quickly and repeat history?

45. CubanMissileCrisisin Film

46. iv. Progress after Cuba • 1963 = Nuclear Test Ban Treaty • Forbids certain types of testing… • Hotlines put in Wash DC and Moscow • Détente is coming…