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Units and Measurement

Units and Measurement. Units of concentration ppmM (for solids and Liquids) ppmV (For gases, consider Temp & Pressure ) difference between mg/L and ppm Molarity Molality Normality (Concept of Equvalent weight) Acid and Bases (pH = -Log 10 [H + ] Weak acid (less than 100% dissociation)

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Units and Measurement

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  1. Units and Measurement • Units of concentration • ppmM (for solids and Liquids) • ppmV (For gases, consider Temp & Pressure) • difference between mg/L and ppm • Molarity • Molality • Normality (Concept of Equvalent weight) • Acid and Bases (pH = -Log10[H+] • Weak acid (less than 100% dissociation) • Strong Acids (100% dissociation) • Buffers

  2. Mass Balance Batch Reactor CSTR First Order Kinetics Zero Order Kinetics

  3. Dissolution of gases in Water • Henrys Law: • XA = KHpA • Important to remember: XA is mole fraction of gas in water

  4. Toxicity & Dose Response Mutagen Carcinogen (attacks Somatic Cells) Teratogen attacks Germ Cel Lead to Cancer (not death necessarily) Transmissible to Progeny

  5. Methods to Test Toxicity • Epidermiologic Data Analysis • From past incidences • Love Canal, Kippon Disaster, Chernobile, Bhopal • Controlled Animal Testing • Use of bacteria to Chipms • Controlled Human Studies • Doctors office (the free Treatment)

  6. Dose Response Curve Points to Remember Carcinogen: No Threshold LD50: 50% of subject dies

  7. How to Calculate Cancer Risk Risk = CDI * Potency factor CDI: Chronic Daily Dose CDI=

  8. Water Quality • Soilds • Total dissolved solids • Suspended Solids • Volatile Suspended Soilds • Liquid • Hardness • Alkalinity • BOD, BODu, BOD5, BODt

  9. More on Water Quality ThoD: Theoretical Oxygen Demand BODt =BODu(1-e-k1t) Temperature Dependence of BOD KT=K20(T-20)

  10. Steeter Phelps Equation • How to find critical DO and the distance when it happens

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