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Chapter 3-The Cell

Chapter 3-The Cell. Cell Theory. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life Organismal activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by subcellular structure Continuity of life has a cellular basis.

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Chapter 3-The Cell

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  1. Chapter 3-The Cell

  2. Cell Theory • The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life • Organismal activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells • Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by subcellular structure • Continuity of life has a cellular basis

  3. Structure of a Generalized Cell Figure 3.1

  4. Plasma Membrane • Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids • Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity • Glycocalyx is a glycoprotein area abutting the cell that provides highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another

  5. Fluid Mosaic Model • Double bilayer of lipids with imbedded, dispersed proteins • Bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids • Glycolipids are lipids with bound carbohydrate • Phospholipids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic bipoles

  6. Fluid Mosaic Model Figure 3.2

  7. Functions of Membrane Proteins • Transport • Enzymatic activity • Receptors for signal transduction Figure 3.3

  8. Functions of Membrane Proteins • Intercellular adhesion • Cell-cell recognition • Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix Figure 3.3 continued

  9. Membrane Junctions • Tight junction – impermeable junction that encircles the cell • Desmosome – anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells • Gap junction – a nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells

  10. Membrane Junctions Figure 3.4a

  11. Membrane Junctions Figure 3.4b

  12. Membrane Junctions Figure 3.4c

  13. Membrane Transport Two Types Passive – Does not require the direct utilization of energy Active – Requires the direct utilization of energy

  14. Passive Membrane Transport: Diffusion • Simple diffusion – nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances • Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer • Diffuse through channel proteins Figure 3.6a

  15. Passive Membrane Transport: Diffusion • Facilitated diffusion – large, polar molecules such as simple sugars • Combine with protein carriers Figure 3.6b

  16. Passive Membrane Transport: Osmosis • Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane • Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane • Osmolarity – total concentration of solute particles in a solution

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