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Westernization, Reforms, and Industrialization in Russia

Westernization, Reforms, and Industrialization in Russia. Chapter 25-2. Major Czars and Czarinas of Russia. Peter I, “The Great” 1682 – 1725 Czar / Tsar ( Щ ϲ a р ) - - - “Emperor of all the Russias ” Elizabeth 1741 – 1762 Catherine II, “The Great” 1762 – 1796

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Westernization, Reforms, and Industrialization in Russia

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  1. Westernization, Reforms, and Industrialization in Russia Chapter 25-2

  2. Major Czars and Czarinas of Russia • Peter I, “The Great” 1682 – 1725 • Czar / Tsar ( Щϲaр ) - - - “Emperor of all the Russias” • Elizabeth 1741 – 1762 • Catherine II, “The Great” 1762 – 1796 • Alexander I 1801 – 1825 • Nicholas I 1825 – 1855 • Alexander II 1855 – 1881 • Alexander III 1881 – 1894 • (Saint) Nicholas II 1894 – 1917

  3. Catherine the Great (1762–1796) • German-born tsarina of Russia. • Influenced by Enlightenment thought, ruled as an enlightened despot. • The “royal thesis” of absolute rule with reforms in administration, law, and education. • Reforms of 1775 and 1785 allowed non-aristocrats to participate in urban manufactures, especially textiles.

  4. In 1785 Catherine made the aristocracy more powerful by giving them more property rights including over serfs. • Designed to prevent rebellion after Pugachev peasant revolt 1762–1775.

  5. Catherine determined to expand Russia just as Peter the Great had done. • Sided with Prussia and Austria to take apart Poland from 1772 to 1795. The “Polish Partition” • Catherine upset by the radicalism and constitutionalism of French Revolution. • Banned Enlightenment books she once promoted.

  6. Alexander I, grandson to Catherine, defeated by Napoleon at Austerlitz 1805. • At a subsequent meeting, Napoleon forced Alexander to promise mutual aid and to accept French conquests in Europe. “Treaty of Tilset” • At Congress of Vienna Alexander made king of Poland.

  7. Decembrist Revolt against Nicholas I (1825–1855) by constitutionalist officers. • Suppressed • Results: • “Official Nationality” • Orthodoxy: reaffirmed Eastern Orthodox Christianity; rejection of secularism. • Autocracy: absolute authority of the tsar. • Nationality: “spirit” of the Russian identity.

  8. Nicholas I • Created a secret police called the Third Section to discourage dissidence. • Joined other monarchs in ending constitutional revolts, in Poland and Hungary. • But aided Greek independence to weaken Ottomans.

  9. 1828–1829 war with Ottomans Russia gained lands north of the Danube. • Moldavia and Wallachia became protectorates of Russia. • Russia defeated in the Crimean War by coalition of Ottomans, British, and French. • Both the Russians and Ottomans weak militarily. • French and British responsible for winning the war.

  10. 1810–1853 was Russia’s Golden Age of intellectual and cultural activity. • Prominent writers include Pushkin and Gogol. • Alexander II issued the Emancipation Edict in 1861 that liberated serfs. • Emancipation had limitations, such as payments to aristocracy for freedom. • Late emancipation of serfdom due to sparse population. • Followed by other reforms: • organized local zemstva or councils. • Military modernized by reducing duty service and improved quality of life. • Reforms incomplete because they did not include a constitution.

  11. “Nihilism” popularized by Turgenev • Fathers and Sons • “Populism” another response to incomplete reform. • Bakunin wrote about organizing small self-administering communities. • Pan-Slavic movement emerged in 1870s, put Russia in charge of all Slavic people.

  12. Pan-Slavic movement tied to religion • particularly active in Balkans. • In 1877 Russia supported Bosnia-Herzegovina and Bulgaria against Ottomans. • Congress of Berlin met 1878 to deal with “Eastern Question.” • Took European lands from Ottomans • Russia gives up Istanbul. • Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro became independent states.

  13. Alexander III (1881–1894) • enacted counter-reforms to increase autocratic control. • Made Russia a police state • Revolutionaries, terrorists, opponents exiled or killed. • Forced assimilation of non-Russian peoples. • Nicholas II (1894–1917) instituted repressive policies, including pogroms against Jews. • Many Jews flee to the United States or Palestine.

  14. Russian industrialization only accelerates after 1890 due to foreign investment. • Trans-Siberian railway built 1891–1905 • links Moscow with Pacific Coast. • Industrialization led by Sergei Witte • minister of finance 1892–1903. • Wanted to make Russia competitive in world trade • Link to Siberian agricultural and mineral resources. • Expansion into East Asia led to war with Japan in 1904, a victory for Japan.

  15. Defeat by Japan, low wages, long working hours, led to protests and strikes. • Social Democratic Labor Party founded by Lenin. • Split into • Mensheviks (classical Marxism) • Bolsheviks (radical). • Social Revolutionary Party advocated capitalism. • Revolution of 1905, 100,000 workers went on strike in St. Petersburg. • Troops attacked the strikers on “Bloody Sunday.” • Nicholas II issued “October Manifesto” promising a constitution: • civil liberties • universal suffrage • creation of Duma • Tsar renounced Manifesto; no reform until his abdication in 1917.

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