Medical Terminology

1. 醫用流體力學 Medical Terminology Reference Cohen, B. J. (1998). Medical terminology; An illustrated guide. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers. Gyls, B.A. & Wedding, M.E. (1983). Medical Terminology: A Systems Approach. Philadelphia:  F.A. Davis

2. Basic Elements of a Medical Word • Word Root • Combining Form • Suffix • Prefix These four parts of a word are known as ELEMENTS. Dr. Joel Gluck

3. Word Root • Main part or foundation of a word. • All words have at least one word root. • A word root may be used alone or combined with other elements to form a complete word. i.e., SPEAK (word root) + ER (suffix) = SPEAKER (complete word)

4. The word root usually refers to a body part. • Some root words are derived from the Latin or Greek language.

5. Word Root Examples • “dent” means tooth • “dermat” means skin • “cardi” means heart • “gastr” means stomach • “pancreat” means pancreas

6. Combining Forms • Correct pronunciation of medical words is important. • In order to make the pronunciation of word roots easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel after the root. • The combination of a word root and a vowel is known as a COMBINING FORM.

7. Combining forms consist of a combining vowel. • The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but others may be used. IE: gastr / o pronounced GASTRO. Combining vowel Word root

8. When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel is used to link the root to each other. IE: osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ itis Slashes separate elements Word root suffix Combining vowel Word root

9. Word-Building System • By understanding the meanings of word roots, one can determine the meaning of complex medical terms by putting together the smaller parts.

10. Leukocytopenia Word Roots: Leuk / (white) cyt / (cell) Combining Vowel / o / Suffix: / penia (decrease)

11. Suffixes • A suffix is added to the END of a word root or combining form to modify its meaning. • By adding a suffix to the end of a word root, we create a noun or adjective with a different meaning.

12. A combining vowel is used between a word root and a suffix that begins with a consonant (not a vowel). • This is to make pronunciation easier. Word root: scler / (hardening) Suffix: / derma (skin) Term: Scler / o / derma (hardening of the skin) Combining vowel

13. Meanings of certain suffixes -al pertaining to dent/al (pertaining to teeth) -er one who speak/er (one who speaks) -able capable of being playable (capable of being played)

14. -oma (tumor) hematoma (blood tumor) NOTE: The element that comes before a suffix can either be a word root or combining form.

15. The suffixes -scope (instrument to view) -rrhexis (rupture) -rrhea (flow or discharge) all begin with a consonant, therefore a combining vowel must be used between the word root and the suffix.

16. The suffixes -algia (pain) -edema (swelling) -uria (urine, urination) These suffixes begin with a vowel, therefore a combining vowel is NOT used between the word root and the suffix.

17. REVIEW • A combining vowel IS used to link one root to another root, and before a suffix that begins with a consonant. • A combining vowel IS NOT used before a suffix that begins with a vowel.

18. Prefixes • A prefix is a syllable or syllables placed BEFORE a word or word root to alter its meaning or create a new word. Some prefixes: Hyper- (excessive) Pre- (before) Post- (after) Homo- (same) Hypo- (under)

19. Hypoinsulinemia Hypo / insulin / emia Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel. Prefix suffix Word root BLOOD LOW INSULIN

20. Plurality • To make a medical word plural (more than one), first look at the suffix. • Then, choose the rule that changes the singular form to the plural form. The rules appear on page 18 of the text.

21. Chart of Prefixes a- without or not mal- bad ab- away from medio- middle ad- to, toward mes- middle an- absence of meta- beyond, over ante- before micro- small antero- in front ortho- straight, correct anto- against para- beside bi- two patho- disease brady- slow peri- outside, around dia- through poly- many dys- difficult, painful pseudo- false

22. Chart of Prefixes endo- within quadri- fourfold epi- upon retro- backward eu- well, good sub- beneath ex- away from supra- above exo- outside tachy- fast hyper- over trans- across hypo- under or less tri- three infra- below ultra- beyond intra- within uni- single, one

23. Chart of Roots aden gland gaster stomach arteria artery haemo, hemo blood arthros joint hepar liver auris ear hydro water brachion arm hystera womb bronchus windpipe kystis, cysto bladder cardium heart larynx throat cephalos brain myelos marrow cholecyst gallbladder nasus nose colon intestine nephros kidney costa rib neuron neuron cranium head odons tooth derma skin odynia pain

24. Chart of Roots enteron intestine optikas eye epithelium skin os bone esophaqus gullet osteon bone ostium mouth, orifice pyretos fever otis ear ren kidney pes foot rhin nose pharynx throat rhythmos rhythm phlebos vein spondylos vertebra pleura chest stoma mouth pneumones lungs thorax chest psyche mind trachea windpipe pulmones lungs trophe nutrition pyelos pelvis vene vein pyon pus vesica bladder

25. Chart of Suffixes -algia pain -emia blood -centeses puncture -iasis a process -clasia remedy -itis inflammation -ectasis dilatation -oma swelling, tumor -ectomy cut -sclerosis hardening -edema swelling

26. Relative position in medical usage • Anterior situated in front of; forward part of • Distal away from the center of the body • Dorsal a position more toward the back of an object of reference • Frontal situated at the front • Inferior situated or directed below • Lateral a position more toward the side of flank • Proximal toward the center of the body • Sagital relating to the median plane of the body or parallel to it • Superior situated or directed above

28. Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of human body and their physical relationships. Anatomicalterms

29. Word Definition Amylolysis digestion of starch  Glucogenesis production of glucose Hydrocephalus excess of fluid inside the skull  Kalemia presence of potassium in the blood  Lactosuria lactose in the urine  Lipoma benign tumor containing fatty tissue  Lithotrite instrument for crushing a stone in the urinary bladder  Natriuresis abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine  Stearate a type of fat

30. Word Definition Aboral away from the mouth  Adduction movement of a limb toward a median line  Adoral near or directed toward the mouth (or)  Alloantigen occurs in some but not others of same species  Allopathy second disease, condition that is incompatible with first Antebrachium forearm  Antepartum before childbirth  Antitoxic neutralizing the action of a poison  Apophysis an outgrowth or projection, especially from a bone  Contraception prevention of conception or pregnancy  Dextrogastria displacement of the stomach to the right  Diapedesis the passage of blood through the walls of blood vessels  Dissect to cut apart or separate the tissue of a body for study  Dorsocephalad toward the back of the head 

31. Word Definition Ecchondroma outgrowth from cartilage, mass protruding from bone  Encephalopathy any disease of the brain  Endoderm innermost of the primary layers of the embryo  Epicranium the muscle, aponeurosis, and skin covering the cranium  Excementosis outgrowth of root surface of a tooth  Heterocellular occurs in some but not others of the same species  Heterotypic different or unusual type  Homeostasis state of equilibrium in the body  Homomorphic two or more structures of similar size  Infusion steeping a substance in water  Inhale to draw in breath  Laterotorsion twisting to one side  Levorotation turning or twisting to the left  Opisthotonos a spasm in which the spine and extremities are bent 

32. Word Definition Perinatal time period before, during or after the time of birth  Periodontal around a mouth  Peroral through the mouth  Postanaesthetic after anaesthetic  Postnasal posterior of the nasal cavity  Precapillary preceding a capillary  Predentin organic fiber of dentin before its calcification  Procephalic relationing to the anterior part of the head  Prochondral developmental stage prior to formation of cartilage  Recuperate to recover, to regain health and strength  Rehydration return of water to a system after its loss  Retrogression previous, less complex conditions  Schizonychia splitting of the nails  Schizophrenia personality disorder, withdrawal from outside world  Transfusion transfer of blood

33. Word Definition Ankylosis immobility of a joint due to a disease  Brachygnathia abnormal shortness of the lower jaw  Bradypnea abnormal slowness of breathing  Chloroma greenish-yellow tumour arising from myeloid tissue  Cirrhosis hardening of an organ, especially the liver  Cyanopsia defect of vision in which objects appear tinged with blue  Erythrocyte red blood cell  Glaucoma group of eye diseases  Kyphoscoliosis backward and lateral curvature of the spinal column  Leukomyelitis inflammation of the white substance of the spinal chord  Melanin dark pigment of the skin, hair, choroid coat of the eyes and various tumours.  Orthodontist a dentist who specialists in the branch of dentistry concerned with irregularities of teeth and malocclusion  Stenothorax abnormal narrowness of the chest  Tachycardia abnormally rapid heart rate

34. Word Definition Acardia congential absence of the heart  Ambilateral pertaining to or affecting both sides  Amphibolic having both an anabolic and catabolic function.  Anisotropic having unlike properties in different directions  Diplopia perception of two images of a singie object  Hypodermic applied below the skin  Hyperthermia very high body temperature Macrocephaly excessive size of the head  Megakaryocyte the giant cell of bone marrow containing a greatly lobulated nucleus, from which mature blood platelets orginate  multi-infection many infections  Oligotrophy insufficient nutrition  Inert lacking the power to move  Isoenergetic exhibiting equal energy  Pananxiety a diffuse, all pervading anxiety  Polyplegia paralysis of several muscles  Primigravida a woman pregnant for the first time  Protoneuron the first neuron in a peripheral reflex arc