China: Sung Dynasty and the Mongols

1. China:Sung Dynasty and the Mongols

2. Sung Dynasty The Sung Dynasty was around from 960 until 1279. It was regarded as the end of the medieval order and the beginning of modern development. There are two time periods the Northern Sung and the Southern Sung.

3. Sung Dynasty Northern Sung Dynasty Artsmia.org

4. Sung Dynasty Npm.gov.tw Chao K’ung-Yin founded the Sung. He was also know as T’aiTsu. This portrait of T'ai-tsu shows him in imperial regalia. Chinese portrait painting emphasizes transmitting the spirit of the sitter, and Chinese physiognomy (the study of facial features) includes a type known as "imperial visage.“ Sung dynasty documents reveal that T'ai-tsu was so imposing that no one dared look him in the face. All portraits of T'ai-tsu were painted by Wang Ai, a native of the capital. Whether this work was done by Wang or not is an issue that remains to be studied in further detail.

5. Sung Dynasty Kaifeng—near the Yellow River, it was a commercial and manufacturing center close to 1 million inhabitants. Wang An-Shih—responsible for financial policy by 1068, 80% of the governments budget went to the military. So, how was this corrected? --Personal property assessed for taxation --Corvee labor was a given a wage --government loans to peasants control of prices

6. Sung Dynasty Wang An-shih suggesting political reforms to emperor Shen-tsung Taiwantoday.tw

7. Sung Dynasty Sung Dynasty Art from Minneapolis Institute of Arts Video Break http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-sung.cfm

8. Sung Dynasty Grand Canal Hagen-bobzin.de

9. Sung Dynasty Chinatoday.com Grand Canal

10. Sung Dynasty Invasion and Decline Jurchen—capture the Sung capital at Kaifeng and invade northern China 1126—end of the northern sung

11. Sung Dynasty Southern Sung Dynasty Artsmia.org

12. Sung Dynasty Southern Sung Hangchou Closer to the Yangtze river. The Yangtze delta was the southeast’s commercial center. It was more wealthy and populous. It had many more merchants, artisans, shopkeepers, restaurants and teahouses. Southern Sung was more successful because of tax revenues from manufactured goods and trade.

13. Sung Dynasty Southern Sung Art Depts.washington.edu

14. Sung Dynasty Southern Sung Art Probably the most successful of the Southern Song court landscapists was Xia Gui (active c. 1180-1224).  Pure and Remote Views of Mountains and Streams, shown below, is unusually tall for a handscroll, almost twenty inches in height. http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/tptgssla.htm 

15. Sung Dynasty Southern Sung Technology Naval ships—catapults with hurling explosive grenades. The use of a cannon, cast-metal barrels with a gunpowder propelled projectile. The use of encyclopedias and algebra.

16. Sung Dynasty Collapse of the Sung “He who sups with the devil needs a long spoon” SungMongol Jurchen alliance (Ogodei Khan) 1232

17. Sung Dynasty Collapse of the Sung MongolsSung Fighting between the two lasted 40 years The Mongols defeated the north and they poured into Hangchou by 1276. turn against

18. Mongol empire Geography—Northern China Teachengineering.org

19. Mongol empire Geography Northern China Steppe Region –Flat plains area few trees —Cold and harsh winds —Little in terms of agriculture

20. Mongol empire Why were the Mongols so successful? Transportation—horse, Mongols controlled the major breeding grounds. They were tough, wiry and had more stamina

21. Mongol empire Why were the Mongols so successful? Technology—stirrup, it gave a firmer ride on the horse and they were able to turn around.

22. Mongol empire Why were the Mongols so successful? Technique—False retreat and ambush. Hunting allowed them to practice their skills

23. Mongol Empire Yuan Dynasty Ghengis Khan History.culture-china.com Ogedai Khan History.culture-china.com Hulagu Khan Kublai Khan Batu Khan Personal.psu.edu Hightech-edge.com

24. Mongol empire Chinghis (Ghengis) Khan (1155-1227)—Temujin --United the Mongols tribes through oaths and alliances --Created unity among tribes based upon common allegiance --built a strong army and in turn alliances with neighboring tribes in Central Asia. Converts to Islam

25. Yuan Dynasty Artsmia.org

26. Yuan Dynasty Government—Used the Chinese bureaucratic system of government. Employed non-Chinese, foreigners. Marco Polo (1275-1292) served as worker. Achievements—Rebuilt the Grand Canal and roads issued paper money and started a postal system Tolerance and trade—Pax Mongolia policy of good will and tolerance toward different cultures Decline—1350s Mongols loose control of the Yangtze river Valley. 1368 Mongols are forced back into the steppe.

27. Yuan Dynasty Bhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu

28. Yuan Dynasty Metmuseum.org

29. Yuan Dynasty Art Although it was in use in China before the advent of the Mongols, the paiza, an inscribed metal plaque that functioned as a passport or a patent of office, became a symbol of Mongol administration used to regulate and secure communication in the vast empire. Most paizi were circular or rectangular and were worn either fastened on an item of clothing or suspended from the neck to make them visible to customs officers. These metal plaques are not only important historical documents but are also of great interest for the study of Asian metalwork during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, a time of massive movements of people and rapid exchange of ideas and technology. Two kinds of Mongol plaques were issued–to officials as patents of office, and as passports for persons on state missions and for important guests. (Marco Polo on his return journey to Venice would have carried one.) The paiza illustrated here is a passport, made of iron with inlay of thick silver bands forming characters in the Phagspa script, devised for the Mongol language in 1269 by the Tibetan monk 'Phagspa (1235—1280), a close advisor to Kublai Khan (r. 1260–95). The inscription reads in translation (by Morris Rossabi): By the strength of Eternal Heaven, an edict of the Emperor [Khan]. He who has no respect shall be guilty. Above it is a lobed handle, with an animal mask in silver inlay. The mask is probably the kirttimukha (lion mask) taken from Tibetan art but ultimately of Indian origin; the lobed shape reflects Islamic influence. Silver inlay on iron (as opposed to bronze) is extremely rare in China before the Mongol period. This plaque is one of about a dozen Mongol paizi known. Two others of the same type are in Lanzhou, China, and in Russia. (The latter example was found during the nineteenth century in Tomskaya.) http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1993.256

30. Yuan Dynasty Art Cosmological Mandala with Mount Meru, Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)ChinaSilk tapestry (kesi) 33 x 33 in. (83.8 x 83.8 cm) This mandala is in the form of the Tibetan cosmological diagram. In the center is Mount Meru, the axis of the cosmos, surrounded by oceans and mountains of the four quarters. The work is typical of the Mongol Yuan period in China: technically superb, while stylistically and iconographically eclectic—Indian, Tibetan, and Chinese elements are all present. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1989.140

31. Mongol Empire The Mongols—Crash Course World History #17 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szxPar0BcMo