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Regulating the Cell Cycle

Regulating the Cell Cycle. the cell cycle has a built-in genetic signals to tell cells when to start and stop dividing proto- onco genes – genes that encourage cell division tumor suppressor genes – genes that inhibit cell division. Cancer.

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Regulating the Cell Cycle

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  1. Regulating the Cell Cycle • the cell cycle has a built-in genetic signals to tell cells when to start and stop dividing • proto-onco genes – genes that encourage cell division • tumor suppressor genes – genes that inhibit cell division

  2. Cancer • a disorder in which some cells lose the ability to control their own growth • these cells divide uncontrollably resulting in a tumor • tumor – an abnormal growth of tissue, not necessarily cancerous

  3. Cancer • involves a loss of control over the cycle, malfunction of the “brakes” • the malfunction is caused by a mutation • Mutation – a change in a cell’s genes (DNA) • Oncogenes – mutated proto-onco genes that stimulate excessive division

  4. Cancer • when cancer cells break loose from a tumor they can spread to other parts of the body, thus spreading the cancer • Metastasis – spreading of cancer from one area of the body to another • uncontrolled division can compromise the function of an organism and ultimately may cause death

  5. Cancer Cancer and metastasis

  6. Statistics(from the National Institutes of Health) • On average, in the US: • men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk • women have a 1 in 3 lifetime risk • Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US, after heart disease. • The National Cancer Institute estimates that approximately 8 million American alive today have a history of cancer

  7. Risk Factors • Many Americans have a higher than average chance of developing cancer • Risk Factors can be broken into two categories: • Factors that you have control over • smoking, diet, environmental • Factors that you have no control over • genetics (family history), environmental

  8. Treatment Options • Four major types of treatment options • Surgery – removal of the affected tissue • Radiation – exposing the affected area to ionizing radiation

  9. Treatment Options • Four major types of treatment options • Chemotherapy – treatment using chemicals that harm rapidly dividing cells • Immunotherapy – enhancing the body’s immune system to help fight cancer

  10. Other Resources • Pg 126-127 in your textbook • National Institutes of Health • (see “Related Links” sections also…) • National Cancer Institute

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