1. Diversity and Phylogeny of Archaea 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 3. Phylum Crenarchaeota

1. LECTURE 7. DOMAIN Archaea  1. Diversity and Phylogeny of Archaea  2. Phylum Euryarchaeota  3. Phylum Crenarchaeota  4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota  5. Other phyla: Nanoarchaeota, Korarchaeota

2. 1. DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF Archaea

3. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Family Halobacteriaceae Extreme halophiles (>15% NaCl)

4. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Athalassohaline Thalassohaline Great Salt Lake (USA) Dead Sea (Jordan-Israel) Lake Wadi Natrum (Egypt) Soda lake Solar salterns

5. Cyanobacteria 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Dunaliella Archaea – Bacteria Fungi (black yeasts)

6. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota Osmoadaptation 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA HALORHODOPSIN (light driven chloride pump)

7. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA BACTERIORHODOPSIN (light driven proton pump) Retinal based photosynthesis

8. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Solar salterns Bras del Port (Santa Pola, Alicante, Spain – 38º12’N, 0º36’W)

9. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Solar salterns No bacterivory 25% Marine microbiota Halophilic mcrobiota Salinity gradient Prokat¡ryotic diversity Virus and cell numbers “Haloviruses” Up to 1010 VLP/ml Haloquadratum walsbyi (Euryarchaeota) Salinibacter ruber (Bacteroidetes) Imagesproperty of Fernando Santos

11. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA * * * * * ** ** * * Themophiles or hyperthermophiles ** Halophiles

13. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota METHANOGENESIS 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA • Three types of substrates: • CO2-type (plus H2) • Methylated • Acetate

14. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA SINTROPHY

15. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA

16. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA

17. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota Anoxic oxidation of methane 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA In methane hydrates

18. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.3. (HYPER)THERMOPHILIC ARCHAEA Thermoplasmatales: Thermoplasma Ferroplasma THERMOPHILIC ACIDOPHILIC NO CELL WALLS Thermococcales: Pyrococcus SULFUR REDUCERS HYPERTHERMOPHILIC Archaeoglobales: Archaeoglobus SULFATE REDUCER HYPERTHERMOPHILIC Methanopyrus (see tree) 122oC

19. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.4. MARINE Euryarchaeota Marine Euryarchaeota II (+ abundant) and III (aphotic area): planktonic Marine Euryarchaeota IV: planktonic (deep waters) BOTH UNCULTURED

20. 3. Phylum Crenarchaeota

21. 3. Phylum Crenarchaeota

22. 3. Phylum Crenarchaeota 3.1. Crenarchaeota FROM TERRESTRIAL VOLCANIC HABITATS (SOLFATARAS) Sulfolobus Thermoproteus, Thermophilus 3.2. Crenarchaeota FROM SUBMARINE VOLCANIC HABITATS (HYDROTHERMAL VENTS) Pyrolobus Pyrodictium

23. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota

24. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota Marine Crenarchaeota “Marine group I” Phylum Thaumarchaeota Although first described in the oceans, Archaea closely related to marine Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota have been found in different environments

25. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota Thaumarchaeota

26. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota

27. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota

28. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.2. SOIL Thaumarchaeota

29. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota

30. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.3. SYMBIOTIC Thaumarchaeota Cenarchaeum symbiosum

31. 5. OTHER PHYLA 5.1. Phylum Korarchaeota

32. 5. OTHER PHYLA 5.2. Phylum Nanoarchaeota Igniococcus Nanoarchaeum