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The Politics of United States Foreign Policy Chapter 4

The Politics of United States Foreign Policy Chapter 4. The foreign policy bureaucracy. Department of Defense Department of state National Security Council Central Intelligence Agency Others: treasury, homeland security, etc. The foreign policy Bureaucracy: historical development.

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The Politics of United States Foreign Policy Chapter 4

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  1. The Politics of United States Foreign PolicyChapter 4

  2. The foreign policy bureaucracy • Department of Defense • Department of state • National Security Council • Central Intelligence Agency • Others: treasury, homeland security, etc.

  3. The foreign policy Bureaucracy:historical development • Pre-WWII: small • National Security Act (1947) restructures national security process: • Create National Military Establishment • Create CIA and director • Create NSC • Office of Homeland Security

  4. The foreign policy Bureaucracy:historical development • Waves of growth: • Roosevelt: New Deal • Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower: World War II and cold war • Johnson: Great Society programs • Bush: War on Terror; Obama: recession

  5. Presidential control of the foreign policy bureaucracy • Size • Complexity • Historical development

  6. National Security Council

  7. Background of NSC • reflection/extension of Presidency • president’s own personal foreign affairs staff • president can shape it to suit his own needs • NSC key agency in foreign policy

  8. Origins of NSC • emerged as part of National Security Act 1947 • purpose: take information from other agencies, sort it, summarize it and present it to president to facilitate decision-making process • consists of : president, vice-president, secretary of state, secretary of defense, and designees. • in theory non-partisan • originally conceived to be filter, integrator, and coordinator of foreign policy information coming from other agencies NOT independent policy-making body

  9. National Security Council:historical context • Origins • Advise, long-range planning, coordination and integration of national security processes • Members • purpose • Changes • Decline of long-range planning • NSC decline, NSC staff/individual increase

  10. Early Experience • Truman by-passed and ignored NSC relying on George Marshall and Dean Atchison (secretaries of state) until Korean War in 1950. Truman relied on NSC coordinating role until end of his term • Eisenhower believed NSC should be staff agency; Eisenhower made policy and NSC did staff work.

  11. Politicizing the NSC • Kennedy introduced changes • State Department and CIA distrusted so relied more heavily on NSC as main foreign policy agency • Involved NSC in operations which allowed NSC to suppliant State Department • Crossed line into implementation and politicized foreign policy making • Johnson distrusted State Department and NSC • bypassed NSC using formal makeup plus press secretary so decisions considered in light of political implications which increased politicization • therefore, NSC was politicized even more, no longer presented alternative policy, colored advice that was received.

  12. Kissinger System • new model of foreign policy emerged with Nixon in 1968 • Kissinger became national security advisor • neither had use for State Department and concentrated al foreign policy decision-making in White House • achieved many important breakthroughs and changed way US foreign policy conducted • NSC coordinated and implemented policy • Kissinger sole informant and eclipsed secretary of state • 1973 Kissinger became national security advisor and secretary of state • Ford (1974) appoints new national security advisor in 1975 in attempt to return to Eisenhower model but Scowcroft seen as Kissinger man.

  13. Policy Fragmentation • Carter (1977-1981) wanted to change Kissinger system; yet Carter still seen as unsuccessful foreign policy president – produced greatest fragmentation and lack of coordination in foreign policy • Reagan 1981-1989 • goals • administration to speak with one voice • secretary of state chief spokesperson • NSC to return to Eisenhower mode • Bush 1989-1993 NSC and agencies appear to work well together • Clinton 1992: invoked Eisenhower model reserving decision-making to himself

  14. National Security Council:modern components • NSA • NSC staff • NSC interagency process

  15. Presidential Management • Orientation, agenda and level of involvement • Executive branch personnel appointments • Organization of foreign policymaking process

  16. Presidential Management:personnel • Personal staff • Policy advisors • Officials: cabinet departments and executive agencies • Selection criteria: professional, time, Senate approval

  17. Presidential Management:organization • White House or State Department centered • Centralized or decentralized • Open or closed to staff/advisors

  18. Presidential Management:National Security Council • Overlap of policymaking and NSC system at the executive level • Informal • Formal

  19. Presidential Management of NSC:Evolution • Advisory: Truman and Eisenhower • Eclipse: Kennedy and Johnson • Ascendant: Nixon

  20. Presidential Management of the NSC: recent presidencies • H.W. Bush • Clinton • W. Bush • Obama

  21. Improving System • improve quality of staff appointments • improve organization of NSC • Eisenhower versus Kissinger models • improve interpersonal relations • NSC advisor must be neutral referee among contending agencies

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