Highlights from the World Development Report on Gender Equality and some US comparisons

1. Highlights from the World Development Report on Gender Equality and some US comparisons JeniKlugman, World Bank Women Construction Owners and Executives Annual Congressional and Leadership Conference Washington DC February 8 2012

2. Highlights from the World Development Report on Gender Equality and some US comparisons JeniKlugman Director, Gender and Development World Bank Women Construction Owners and Executives Annual Congressional and Leadership Conference Washington DC February 8 2012

3. What does the WDR 2012 do? • Addresses four questions: • (1) Is there gender equality ? • (2) Why do inequalities matter? (3) Why do they persist? • (4) What to do?

4. Equal? …. And yet 35 million girls are still out of school today many of them in Sub-Saharan Africa… In the last 20 years, university enrollments for women rose 7-fold … and in 2009, women accounted for 51% of college students…

5. Equal? In low & middle income countries life expectancy among women has increased by 20 years since 1960

6. Equal? • …. And yet, relative to boys and men, almost 4 million women die too early in the developing world compared with rich countries In low & middle income countries life expectancy among women has increased by 20 years since 1960

7. Missing Women

8. Equal? ... And yet, on average, for every dollar a man makes, a woman earns 80 cents In the last 30 years, 552 million joined the labor force and today, 4 out of 10 workers globally are women

9. For every dollar a man makes, a woman earns… Mexico 80¢ Germany 62¢ Malawi 90¢ Nigeria 60¢ Sri Lanka 50 ¢ Bangladesh 12¢

10. Wage gaps • Almost all rich countries passed the laws in 1970s to ensure equal pay for equal work, and gains came early but have tailed off. • In OECD countries, gender wage gaps now averages around 18%.

11. Trends in the US Improved significantly since 1979, but hovered around 80% since 2004.

12. Occupational segregation in US

13. Occupational segregation in the US • Hours of work: • 26% of all female wage workers in 2010 worked part time vs. 13% of men (mainly younger) • 25% of men in full-time jobs worked more than 40 hours, compared to 14% of women • Occupations • Women are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations, but concentrated in education and health (70% of total) and not in higher paying job groups. • In 2010, only 8% of female professionals were employed in computer and engineering fields, compared with 43% of males

14. Women in business in the US • Among F500 companies in the US in 2010, women were • 4% of CEOs • 8% of top earners • 16% of board seats • 14% of executive officers; • 52% of management and professional occupations.

15. Equal? … and yet 510 million women will be abused by their partner in their lifetime. All but 6 countries have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

16. Domestic violence: percentage women abused • percentage women abused 49% Ethiopia (Butajira) 42% Bangladesh (Matlab) 27% Brazil (Sao Paulo) 13% Japan (Yokohama) 246,000 women

17. Global comparisons: Gender Inequality Index • Given persistent disparities, useful to capture and compare across countries • GII reflects gender-based disadvantage in three dimensions – reproductive health, empowerment and labor market  shows the loss in potential human development due to gender inequality in these dimensions. • Some countries do much worse in gender equality than in human development on average: in 2011, US ranks 4th on HDI, but only 47thon GII. • Among developed countries, the US ranks above only four in gender equality – Chile, Argentina, Barbados and Qatar -- and behind all European countries. • Poor performance driven by relatively high maternal mortality and adolescent fertility rates, as well as low empowerment in terms of share of women in congress. • Other countries do better – eg Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark

19. Why do these inequalities matter • Is the right thing to do… • ... is the smart thing to do

20. Inequality has costs Shortchanges the next generation … educated women invest more in children … witnesses of violence tend to become abusers Eliminating discrimination against female workers and managers could increase productivity per worker by 25 to 40% In an economically integrated world, even modest improvements in the efficiency of the use of resources give countries with less discrimination and more equality a competitive edge.

21. Why do gaps persist? Underlying causes of gender inequality policies Gender Equality INFORMALINSTITUTIONS ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES HOUSEHOLDS MARKETS ENDOWMENTS AGENCY Growth FORMAL INSTITUTIONS

22. What can we do to eliminate these gaps? • Focus on gaps that do not disappear with growth • Gaps in human endowments • Earnings and productivity gaps • Gender differences invoice and agency • Reproduction of gender inequality over time • Target determinants of gender inequality

23. Progress:Education CCTs INFORMALINSTITUTIONS ECONOMIC OPPS. MARKETS Increasing returns to education HOUSEHOLDS Stable income AGENCY ENDOWMENTS FORMAL INSTITUTIONS Lower costs Growth Gender Equality

24. Less Progress: Economic Opportunities ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS Social norms on care/market work INFORMALINSTITUTIONS MARKETS Differential access to labor/credit/land markets, and networks HOUSEHOLS Differential allocation time/resources HOUSEHOLDS MARKETS AGENCY ENDOWMENTS FORMAL INSTITUTIONS Biased law/regulations, and limited infrastructure FORMAL INSTITUTIONS Growth Gender Equality