Mastering the World Geography TEKS for the EOC

1. Unit 2: Physical Geography Mastering the World Geography TEKS for the EOC

2. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents • TEKS Covered in this Section: • Geography 9 The student understands the concept of region as an area of Earth’s surface with related geographic characteristics. • Geography 9 (A) Identify physical and/or human factors such as climate, vegetation, language, trade networks, political units, river systems, and religion, that constitute a region. • Geography 9 (B) Describe different types of regions, including formal … regions. • Social Studies Skills 21 (B) Locate places of contemporary geopolitical significance on a map. • Social Studies Skill 22 (C) Use geographical terminology correctly.

3. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents • Important Ideas • Five Oceans • Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern • Seven Continents • Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America • Latitude, landforms, and nearness to bodies of water greatly affect climate • Landforms, soil and climate greatly affect the plants and animals that can be found in each place

4. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents North America • World’s third largest continent • Located in the Western Hemisphere • Bordered by the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico

5. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents North America • West Indies • Large number of Islands in the Caribbean Sea

6. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents North America • Physical Features • Mountains • Rocky Mountains • Appalachian Mountains • Bodies of Water • St. Lawrence River • Mississippi River • The Great Lakes • Rio Grande • Panama Canal • Plains • The Great Plains

7. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents South America • World’s Forth Largest Continent • Located in the Western Hemisphere • Lies between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean

8. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents South America • Physical Features • Mountains • Andes Mountains (longest range in the world) • Grasslands and Plains • Pampas • Rainforests • Amazon Rainforest • Bodies of Water • Amazon River • Orinoco River • Rio de la Plata • Climate • Warm due to location near the equator

9. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents Africa • World’s Second largest continent • Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea • Bordered by the Atlantic, and Indian Ocean as well as the Red Sea

10. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents Africa • Physical Features • Deserts • Sahara Desert • Largest Desert in the World • Kalahari Desert • Savannas • Wild grassland with some trees • Most of Africa is a Savanna • Tropical Rain Forests • Central and Western Africa • Mountains and Valleys • Atlas Mountains • Great Rift Valley • Bodies of Water • Nile River (longest in the World) • Congo, Zambezi, and Niger Rivers • Climate • Warm with hot summers and mild winters due to location near the equator

11. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents Europe • Second Smallest Continent • “Peninsula of Peninsulas” • Ends at the Ural Mountains and contains part of Russia • Turkey also straddles Asia and Europe

12. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents Europe • Mountains • Pyrenees • Apennines • Balkans • Bodies of Water • Baltic and North Seas • Mediterranean and Black Seas • Danube, Rhine, Loire, Rhone, Elbe, Vistula, and Volga Rivers

13. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents Asia: The Middle East • Physical Features • Deserts • Arabian Desert • Syrian Desert • Bodies of Water • Jordan, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers • Mediterranean, Black, and Red Sea • Persian Gulf • Climate • Warm winters and hot summers due to location near the Equator

14. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents Asia: North and Central Asia • Bodies of water • Arctic Ocean • Ob, Lena, and Volga Rivers • Mountains • Ural Mountains • Separate Europe and Asia • Climate • Mostly cold due to location near Arctic Circle

15. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents Asia: East Asia • Three major counties • China • Korea • Japan • Physical Features • Bodies of Water • Hwang Ho (Yellow River) and Yangtze River • Mountains • Himalayan, Kunlun, and Tianjin Mountains • Deserts • Gobi Desert

16. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents Asia: South and Southeast Asia • Physical Features • Mountains • Himalayan Mountains • Bodies of Water • Indus and Ganges Rivers • Climate • Warm winters and hot summers • Most important climate features are monsoons

17. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents Australia • Central Areas are mainly deserts • World’s largest Corral Reef, the Great Barrier Reef

18. A World Gazetteer: A Look at the Seven Continents Antarctica • Surrounded by the Southern Ocean • No one lives here!

19. Processes Shaping the Earth • TEKS Covered in this section • Geography 3 The student understands how physical processes shape patterns in the physical environment. • Geography 3 (A) Explain weather conditions and climate in relation to annual changes in Earth-Sun relationships. • Geography 3 (B) Describe the physical processes that affect the environments of regions, including weather, tectonic forces, erosion, and soil building processes. • Geography 3 (C) Examine the physical processes that affect the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. • Geography 4 The student understands the patterns and characteristics of major landforms, climates, and ecosystems of Earth and the interrelated processes that produce them. • Geography 4 (A) Explain how elevation, latitude, wind systems, ocean currents, position on a continent, and mountain barriers influence temperature, precipitation, and distribution of climate regions. • Geography 4 (B) Describe different landforms and the physical processes that cause their development. • Geography 4 (C) Explain the influence of climate on the distribution of biomes in different regions.

20. Processes Shaping the Earth Important Ideas • Lithosphere • Hydrosphere • Atmosphere • Biosphere

21. Processes Shaping the Earth Plate Tectonic Motion • Earth’s lithosphere is divided into large slabs of rock known as Tectonic Plates • Convection causes these plates to move • Convection is the spread of heat through the movement of a fluid substance

22. Processes Shaping the Earth Mountain Building • Two continental plates slowly push up into one another

23. Processes Shaping the Earth Seafloor Spreading and Rift Valleys • Tectonic Plates moving apart • As plates move apart on the seafloor, magma can rise up to create ridges of seafloor mountains • The separation of tectonic plates may also create rift valleys

24. Processes Shaping the Earth Earthquakes and Tsunamis • Plate movement can cause breaks in the Earth’s crust called faults • A device used to measure seismic waves is a seismograph • Tsunamis occur when an earthquake happens underwater

25. Processes Shaping the Earth Volcanoes • Magma breaks through weaknesses in the Earth’s crust

26. Processes Shaping the Earth Weathering • Breaking down of rocks caused by • Wind • Water • Ice • Living things

27. Processes Shaping the Earth Erosion • Process by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away

28. Processes Shaping the Earth Deposition • Process where erosion deposits particles of sediment in another place

29. Processes Shaping the Earth The Water Cycle

30. Processes Shaping the Earth Ocean Currents • Caused by the spinning of the Earth and winds • Water heated by the sun moves away from the equator • The Gulf Stream carries warm water towards Great Britain

31. Processes Shaping the Earth The Geography of Weather • Weather is affected by latitude, elevation, wind patterns, ocean currents, and mountain barriers • Monsoons, winds carrying moist air and rain, occur in Asia • Hurricanes occur in the Atlantic Ocean when water evaporated too quickly creating an area of low pressure

32. Processes Shaping the Earth Earth’s Seasons

33. Processes Shaping the Earth Climate Regions • High-Latitude Climates • Sit above each of the arctic zones • Indirect sunlight all the time • Mid-Latitude Climates • Sit between the tropics and the arctic zones • Definite season changes • Low-Latitude Climates • Straddle the equator • Very hot temperatures

34. People and Nature • TEKS Covered in this section • Geography 8 The student understands how people, places, and environments are connected and interdependent. • Geography 8 (A) Compare ways humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the physical environment, including the influences of culture and technology. • Geography 8 (B) Describe the interaction between humans and the physical environment and analyze the consequences of extreme weather and other natural disasters. • Geography 8 (C) Evaluate the economic and political relationships between settlements and the environment, including sustainable development and renewable / non-renewable resources. • Social Studies Skills 23 (B) Use case studies and GIS to identify contemporary challenges and to answer real-world questions.

35. People and Nature How People are Affected by the Environment • Most cities are located near bodies of water • People generally settle in flat, fertile valleys and plains • People tend to settle in milder climates that are good for growing crops • People make use of local plants and animals

36. People and Nature How people modify their environment • Agriculture • Urban Growth • Building Dams • Energy

37. People and Nature Extreme Weather • People always have to deal with extreme conditions and natural disasters • Hurricanes • Tornadoes • Floods • Droughts • Extreme Heat or Cold

38. People and Nature GIS and Global Disasters • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are spatial information systems that merge information from satellites and land-based resources • They use photography, maps, statistics and other sources to find locations on a map