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Lexis and Grammar for Translation

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Lexis and Grammar for Translation

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    1. Lexis and Grammar for Translation Dott. M. Gatto Lingue e Culture per il Turismo

    3. Focus on…

    4. Structures LEVEL OF ANALYSIS phonology graphology morphology lexis syntax UNIT OF REFERENCE sound sign worpheme word phrase/clause

    5. WORDS

    6. WORDS The vocabulary (or lexis) of a language is made up of all the words in that language. A word is an item that can stand alone as a complete unit of meaning. Words can be built up out of smaller units of meaning called morphemes.

    7. The structure of words

    8. FREE/BOUND GLOBE > FREE -AL -IZE - ATION

    12. INFLECTIONAL Inflectional morphemes signal grammar relationship/category person: -s; work-s tense: -ed; work-ed number: -s book-s case: -’s degree: -er; -est (adj. or adv.) INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES ARE ALWAYS SUFFIXES  

    13. DERIVATIONAL Derivational morphemes signal change of meaning or change of word class positive/negative UN- HAPPY adj/noun HAPPY - NESS noun/adj BEAUTY – FUL verb/noun INFORM - ATION … and so on

    14. New words can be created through INFLECTION > free morpheme + suffix DERIVATION > free morpheme + affix COMPUNDING > free morpheme + free morpheme

    15. WORD FORMATION COMPOUNDING > package holiday CONVERSION > ‘progress (N)/to pro’gress (V) BLENDING > motor + hotel > motel ACRONYMS > laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) BACKFORMATION > to babysit ? babysitter CLIPPING > bus (omnibus), fax (facsimile)… BORROWING > pasta, shampoo, zebra…

    16. One way of imposing order on the thousands of lexemes that make up the English vocabulary is to see lexicon in terms of structure. A well-established model of lexical structure makes us think of words as being related along two intersecting dimensions: HORIZONTAL (i.e. SYNTAGMATIC) VERTICAL (i.e. paradigmatic)

    17. HORIZONTAL (i.e. SYNTAGMATIC) We see words/lexemes in a sequence There is a certain mutual expectancy between the words in a sentence: The tour takes in some of the most… …spectacular scenery in the world. Our linguistic intuition suggests that “spectacular scenery” is very likely to occur in this sentence.

    18. VERTICAL (i.e. paradigmatic) We see words in terms of substituition: In the sentence: MY AUNT HAS BOUGHT A RED CAR we can substitute each word with a different word more or less related in sense.

    21. In the vocabulary of any language words are linked together into a sort of gigantic spider’s web whose organizing principles are SYNTAGMATIC (HORIZONTAL) relations and PARADIGMATIC (VERTICAL) : Sense Relations > paradigmatic: synonymy/antonymy/hyponymy Lexical Relations > syntagmatic : collocation

    22. SENSE RELATIONS Synonymy = the relationship that links words that have similar meaning > delicate/gentle Antonymy = the relationship that links words that have opposite meaning gradable > large/small ungradable > alive/dead converse > buy/sell Hyponymy = the relationship that links a specific to a general word > animal/mouse

    23. POLYSEMY Words that have more than one meaning have enter in different sense relations: SYNONYMS OF LIGHT (adj)

    24. POLYSEMY Words that have more than one meaning have enter in different sense relations: ANTONYMS OF ROUGH (adj)

    25. Hyponimy

    26. HYPONYMY Gorgonzola ? soft cheese ? food ? material ?

    27. HYPONYMY

    28. COLLOCATION “You shall now a word by the company it keeps…” J.R.Firth Collocation can be defined as a ‘friendship’ between words, i.e. the tendency of words to co-occur in language

    32. Collocates of SCENERY breathtaking spectacular magnificent dramatic

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