The Americans and Victory

1. The Americans and Victory

2. Nearly 2 million American soldiers would serve in WWI. These “doughboys” a nickname for American soldiers were largely inexperienced, but they were fresh, so their presence immediately boosted the morale of Allied forces.

3. Winning the War at Sea • American Admiral William S. Sims proposed using a new method for sending merchant ships and troop transports across the Atlantic. It was decided that they should travel in convoys or closely ordered groups. • If submarines wanted to attack a convoy, they would have to get past the warships protecting it. • The convoy system greatly reduced shipping losses and ensured that American troops arrived safely in Europe.

4. Russia Leaves the War • In March 1917, riots broke out in Russia over the government’s handling of the war and over the scarcity of food and fuel. • On March 15, Czar Nicholas II, the leader of the Russian Empire, abdicated his throne. The government was under the control of a temporary government, that favored continuing in the war. However they were unable to deal with the major problems facing the nation.

5. The Bolsheviks, a group of Communists, soon competed for power in Russia. In November 1917, Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party, overthrew the Russian government and established a Communist government. • Lenin’s first act after seizing power was to pull Russia out of the war and concentrate on establishing a Communist state. • He accomplished this by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918. In this treaty Russia gave up the Ukraine, Polish and Baltic territories and Finland. Germany agreed to remove troops from all other territories.

6. The German Offensive Falters • On March 21, 1918 the Germans launched a massive attack along the Western Front. Reinforced by troops from Russian front, they pushed deep into allied lines. • American troops played an important role in containing the German offensive. American and French forces were able to block multiple German movement towards Paris.

7. The Battle of the Argonne Forest • With the German drive stalled, French Marshal Ferdinand Foch, supreme commander of the Allied forces, ordered counterattacks all along the front. In mid-September, American troops drove back German forces at the battle of Saint-Mihiel.

8. The attack was a prelude to a massive American offensive in the region between the Meuse River and the Argonne Forest. General Pershing assembled over 600,000 American troops, some 40,000 tons of supplies, and roughly 4,000 artillery pieces for the most massive attack in American history. • The attack began on September 26, 1918. Slowly one German position after another fell to the advancing American troops. The Americans suffered heavy casualties, but by early November, the Americans had shattered the German defenses opened a hole in the German lines.

9. The War Ends • While fighting raged along the Western Front, a revolution engulfed Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Turks surrendered. • Germany’s allies surrendered and a rebellion occurred in Germany that caused the emperor to step down. On the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month, 1918, the fighting stopped and Germany signed an armistice of cease-fire.

10. A Flawed Peace • What was Wilson’s post-war plan called? • Describe these points • What were the first 5 about? • The next 8? • What was the 14th? What did it create? What was the purpose?

11. The Treaty of Versailles • What did this treaty do to Germany? • What empires were dissolved at the end of World War I? What new countries were created? • Why did many U.S. law makers oppose the treaty and the League of Nations? • Why do you think the lack of U.S. membership in the league cause future problems?