The Allied Victory

1. The Allied Victory Chapter 16, Section 4

2. Introduction • On December 22, 1941, just after Pearl Harbor, Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt met at the White House to develop a joint war policy.

3. Stalin had asked his allies to relieve German pressure on his armies in the east. • He wanted them to open a second front in the west. This would split the Germans’ strength by forcing them to fight major battles in two regions instead of one. • Churchill agreed with Stalin’s strategy. The Allies would weaken Germany on two fronts before dealing a deathblow. • At first, Roosevelt was torn, but ultimately he agreed.

4. The Tide Turns on Two Fronts • Churchill wanted Britain and the United States to strike first at North Africa and southern Europe. • The strategy angered Stalin. He wanted the Allies to open the second front in France. The Soviet Union, therefore, had to hold out on its own against the Germans. • All Britain and the United States could offer in the way of help was supplies. • Nevertheless, late in 1942, the Allies began to turn the tide of war both in the Mediterranean and on the Eastern Front.

5. The North African Campaign • Rommel takes Tobruk, June 1942; pushes toward Egypt • British General Montgomery attacks at El Alamein, forces Rommel back

6. American forces land in Morocco, November 1942 • General Dwight D. Eisenhower—American commander in Morocco • In May 1943, Rommel’s forces defeated by Allies

7. The Battle for Stalingrad • German army moves to capture Soviet oil fields • Battle of Stalingrad—Soviets, Germans battle for control of the city • German troops capture city, then surrender after a long battle.

8. The Invasion of Italy • U.S. and British forces land on and capture Sicily in 1943. • Mussolini loses power, but Germans keep control of northern Italy • Allies invade Italy, but Germans keep fighting there until the war ends.

12. The Allied Home Fronts • Wherever Allied forces fought, people on the home fronts rallied to support them. • In war-torn countries like the Soviet Union and Great Britain, civilians endured extreme hardships.

14. Many lost their lives. Except for a few of its territories, such as Hawaii, the United States did not suffer invasion or bombing. • Nonetheless, Americans at home made a crucial contribution to the Allied war effort. Americans produced the weapons and equipment that would help win the war.

15. Mobilizing for War • Fighting the war requires complete use of all national resources • 17 to 18 million U.S. workers—many of them women—make weapons • People at home face shortages of consumer goods • Propaganda aims to inspire civilians to aid war effort

21. War Limits Civil Rights • Japanese Americans face prejudice and fear • Army puts Japanese Americans in internment camps in 1942

22. Victory in Europe • While the Allies were dealing with issues on the home front, they also were preparing to push toward victory in Europe. • In 1943, the Allies began secretly building an invasion force in Great Britain. • Their plan was to launch an attack on German held France across the English Channel.

23. The D-Day Invasion • Allies plan invasion of France; use deception to confuse Germans • D-Day—June 6, 1944; day of “Operation Overlord” invasion of France • Allied forces capture Normandy beaches; liberate Paris by September

25. The Battle of the Bulge • U.S. and British forces advance on Germany from west, Soviets from east • Battle of the Bulge—German counterattack in December 1944 • Germans gain early success but are forced to retreat

26. Germany’s Unconditional Surrender • By 1945, Allied armies approach Germany from two sides • Soviets surround Berlin in April 1945 • Hitler commits suicide

27. President Roosevelt dies in April; Harry Truman becomes president. • On May 9, 1945, Germany officially surrenders, marking V-E Day

28. Victory in the Pacific • Although the war in Europe was over, the Allies were still fighting the Japanese in the Pacific. • With the Allied victory at Guadalcanal, however, the Japanese advances in the Pacific had been stopped. • For the rest of the war, the Japanese retreated before the counterattack of the Allied powers.

29. The Japanese in Retreat • Allies move to retake Philippines in late 1944 • Battle of Leyte Gulf leaves Japanese navy badly damaged • Kamikazes—Japanese pilots who fly suicide missions • March 1945: American forces capture Iwo Jima • June 1945: U.S. takes Okinawa. Japan suffers huge casualties

30. The Japanese Surrender • Advisors warn Truman that invasion of Japan will cost many lives • He has alternative: the atomic bomb • Manhattan Project—a secret program to develop the atomic bomb • Hiroshima bombed August 6, 1945; about 75,000 die • Nagasaki bombed August 9, 1945: 70,000 die • Japan surrenders September 2, 1945