Middle Ages

1. Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation Izydorczak

2. The Age of Charlemagne • Around 800 Western Europe was briefly unified. A Christian pope, proclaimed him “Emperor of the Romans” reviving the idea of a unified Christian world but widening the split between Eastern and Western Christianity Izydorczak

3. Medieval Europe Background End of Roman Empire Izydorczak

4. Medieval Europe Background The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe.  Near constant invasions and scant resources required that Europeans develop a new system for living.  This system included all aspects of life, social, political, and economic.  It was called Feudalism Izydorczak

5. "Dark Ages" Characteristics • Unsafe and dangerous times • Little to no trade • Constant warfare • Learning and culture decline • Loss of common language • Christianity became dominate religion Izydorczak

6. Feudalism Feudalism was a social, political, and economic system that dominated all aspects of medieval life.  The economic portion of feudalism was centered around the lord's estates or manor, and is called manorialism.  A lord's manor would include peasant villages, a church, farm land, a mill, and the lord's castle or manor house. Izydorczak

7. Manor Izydorczak

8. Manorialism • Manors were self sufficient; all economic activity occurred on the manor. This meant that little to no trade occurred during this time period.  Most of the peasants during the Middle Ages were serfs. Serfs were given land to farm in exchange for service to their lord.  Service included working in the fields, maintaining roads and the manor, or military service in during wars. Izydorczak

9. Manorialism • The lords had responsibilities also under this system.  In return for the services and taxes paid by the peasants, they provided land and protection to them.  Lords also had to pay fees and give service to high lords and the king.  Feudalism affected all levels of society. Izydorczak

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12. Comparison of Feudalism in Europe and Japan Both practices developed in response to the need for security and stability everyone had well-defined social roles helped preserve law and order Izydorczak

13. Power of the Medieval Church Izydorczak

14. During the middle ages two distinct Christian churches emerged • Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Izydorczak

15. Role of the Church • Spiritual: Religion was a central part of life for medieval people from baptism to marriage. • Secular: In addition to being the social center of the village, the church had economic power and political power. The Church was the largest landholder, gained wealth through tithing and had its own laws and courts which frequently clashed with King’s authority. Some parish priests ran schools. Izydorczak

16. Ranks of clergy (church officials) Pope Bishops Priests Izydorczak

17. Cannon Law - Standards or rules applied to all Christians during the Middle Ages. - Christians banned from the Catholic church for breaking church laws. Excommunicated - Standards or rules applied to rulers who disobeyed the Pope during the Middle Ages. - No sacred actions of the church could officially take place there. Interdiction Izydorczak

18. L = W = P L - Land W - Wealth P - Power Izydorczak

19. Power of the Church Political Economic The Church kept birth, marriage, and death records All Christians paid taxes to the Church in the form of a tithe – 10% of income The Church had its own laws and courts which regulated Church practices & individual deeds/actions The Church was the largest landholder in W. Europe L=W=P The Church forbade usury which is charging of interest on loans between Christians (Jews become the bankers) Church had the powers of excommunication & Interdiction at its command Izydorczak

20. Power of the Church Corruption Social Preserved the learning & knowledge of the Greeks and Romans after Rome Fell The Church became rich and powerful = CORRUPTION at times Set up hospitals, school, and hotels for the poor and sick Some clergy became WORDLY – more interested in wealth/power than spiritual/religious matters Christians attended village churches; Churches became one of the few places for average people to gather & interact Priests were marrying and having families Missionaries travelled spreading Christianity Bishops were selling Church positions (SIMONY) The church promised eternal life in Heaven; provided hope for people who were poor w/no social mobility Lay Investiture allowed Kings to control Bishops Izydorczak

21. Monastic Revival & Church Reform Izydorczak

22. - Led the spiritual revival across Europe. Monasteries Effects of the Spiritual Revival • return to the basics • New religious orders • Pope reforms the church • New age of religious feeling Izydorczak

23. Problems the Church was dealing with: • Priests married & had families • Simony – practice of selling positions in the church. • Lay investiture – appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles. Izydorczak

24. The Crusades • Christians vs. Muslims Muslim leader: Saladin controlled Holy Land Time of Muslim Golden Age Izydorczak

25. The Crusades • In the 1050’s the Seljuk Turks invade the Byzantine empire and conquered Palestine or the Holy land. • The Muslims and Jews also considered this their Holy Land. • The Pope Urban II called for a crusade to free the Holy Land Izydorczak

26. The Crusades • English King: Richard the Lion-Hearted agreed to a truce with Saladin • Muslims kept Holy Land Izydorczak

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28. Reasons for the Crusades • The Pope wanted to increase his power • Christians believed it was their duty to recover the Holy Land • Nobles wanted to gain wealth. • Adventurers sought travel and excitement • Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression Izydorczak

29. Results of the Crusades • End of Feudalism/Crusades Result Izydorczak

30. Increased Trade withEurope and Middle East Izydorczak

31. Impact of the Crusades • A major results of the Crusades, include Cultural Diffusion and an increase in trade.  European interest in goods from the east was stimulated by returning Crusaders who brought back many things. As the Crusades ended, ships that were once used to carry soldiers to the Middle East, now carried trade goods. Merchants from rich Italian city states, such as Venice and Florence, dominated this trade.  Result Izydorczak

32. Commercial Revolution Izydorczak

33. Trade Fairs and Growth of Cities • Along the trade routes, trade fairs were established in towns with larger populations, or at major crossroads. Merchants and craftsman settled in these towns, and some grew to be cities of several thousand people. This fundamentally altered the way people lived in Europe, and marked the beginning of the end of feudalism as serfs began to pay their feudal obligations with cash instead of service. An economy based on money, not barter emerged. Izydorczak

34. Merchant - worked for the best prices for their guild worker Guilds Craftsman– Artisan Guilds included bankers, tailors, and glassmakers Izydorczak

35. Guilds Journeyman – A day worker learning a craft Apprentice Journeyman Master Izydorczak

36. - an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market Capitalism Izydorczak

37. The Black Death The Bubonic Plague was a highly infectious disease spread by the fleas on rats. Rats were common in the cities of this time. This particular outbreak first appeared in China In the early 1300’s with deaths of about 35 million Chinese. • It was a global epidemic that that spread through the increased trade between counties. Between 1347 and 1353, the plague killed one person out of every three in Europe over 25 million. Izydorczak

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39. WHAT IT WAS Feudal System Manors Church is all knowing Black Death Focus on the Afterlife Focus on Group HOW IT CHANGED Nobles, middle class, peasants Trade/money/lending/ banking/insurance Questioned church/secular view Celebrate life/Enjoy the Present/ Humanism Focus on Individual Transforming from the Middle Ages Izydorczak

40. The Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth”. It was a golden age in the arts, literature and sciences. During the Middle ages, philosophers and writers were concerned with life after death. In stead of the medieval preoccupation of life after death, a new way of thinking, Humanism, focused on life in the present and emphasized individual achievements. Ancient knowledge was rediscovered and the Classical period of the Greeks and Romans were glorified. Izydorczak

41. Why Italy? • Urban Centers • Large city-states in northern Italy • Cities – breeding ground for intellectual revolution • Cities – Florence, Milan • Thriving centers of trade and manufacturing • Wealthy Merchant Class • Merchants – wealthiest, most powerful class & dominated politics • Had $ to pursue other interests – Arts/education • Medici Family – • Cosimo de’ Medici – Influenced the ruling council (loans)) • Lorenzo de’ Medici – behind the scene dictator Izydorczak

42. Why Italy? • Classical Heritage • Return to Greek and Roman ideals • Arts and scholars – inspired by ruins of Rome • 1300’s = Latin and Greek manuscripts studied Izydorczak

43. New Outlook/AttitudeClassical - Worldly • Patrons of Arts • Church – spent $$$ beautifying Rome • Wealthy families – supported artists • Renaissance Man • Ideal individual strove to master all areas of study • “universal man” • Renaissance Woman • Inspire but not create art • Less influential than middle age women Izydorczak

44. New Outlook/Attitude • Enjoyment of Worldly Pleasures • Middle Ages – piety • Humanists- can enjoy life without insulting God • People were still devout Catholics but… • concerns were secular (worldly and here/now) Izydorczak

45. Renaissance Art • Some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, and architecture in the history of the world. • Greek and Romans styles were used for columns, arches, and domes. • Artists were supported by merchants, popes and princes. • Art was detailed, realistic, and reflected study of human anatomy Izydorczak

46. Michelangelo Izydorczak

47. Leonardo da Vinci Izydorczak

48. Raphael and Rubens Izydorczak

49. Literary Achievements • Dante Wrote the Divine Comedy • Cervantes wrote Don Quixote • Shakespeare wrote many plays • Machiavelli wrote the Prince Izydorczak

50. Impact of Printing Press • By 1300 papermaking and print technology had reached Europe from China. • The invention of moveable type led Gutenberg to print the Bible in 1456. • Books became more available • Literacy increased • Ideas spread rapidly Izydorczak