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Urinary System

Urinary System. Vocabulary. Calyc-: small Cort-: covering Detrus-: to force away Glom-: little ball Mict-: to pass urine Nephr-: kidney Papill-: nipple Trigon: triangle. De-: separation from Extra-: outside Im-: not Intra-: within Neutr-: neither. Kidneys.

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Urinary System

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  1. Urinary System

  2. Vocabulary • Calyc-: small • Cort-: covering • Detrus-: to force away • Glom-: little ball • Mict-: to pass urine • Nephr-: kidney • Papill-: nipple • Trigon: triangle • De-: separation from • Extra-: outside • Im-: not • Intra-: within • Neutr-: neither

  3. Kidneys • Kidneys: reddish-brown, bean-shaped organ located posterior to the top of the abdominal cavity • Renal Sinus: a hollow chamber on the surface of the kidney • Renal Pelvis: a funnel-shaped structure that leads to the ureters

  4. Kidney Functions • Maintain homeostasis by regulating the composition and pH of extracellular fluid • Removing waste from blood and forming urine • Secrete erythropoietin hormone • Activation of vitamin D • Maintain blood volume and blood pressure

  5. Urine Formation • Urine: the product of the 3 processes below • Glomerular filtration: glomerular capillaries filter plasma • Happens through osmosis • Produces 180 liters every 24 hours • Tubular reabsorption: moves substances back into the blood stream • Tubular secretions: moves substances from the blood to the kidneys

  6. Filtration Rate • Glomerular Filtration Rate GFR: affected by • Blood flow • Diameter of capillaries • Hydrostatic pressure • Kidney stone obstruction • Increases when body fluids are abundant and decreases when the body needs to conserve fluids

  7. Urine Composition • 95% water • 5% • Amino acids • Urea • Uric acid • Electrolytes • 0.6-2.5 liters/day • Factors that affect urine production: • Physical condition • Emotional condition • Temperature • Fluid intake • humidity

  8. Ureters • 25 cm long tube that starts at the renal pelvis and joins the urinary bladder • Propel the urine to the bladder

  9. Bladder • A hollow, muscular organ that stores urine • Internal urethral sphincter: prevents the bladder from emptying • Detrusor muscle: the muscular wall of the bladder that functions during urination • Holds 600 mL (2.5 cups) before stimulating pain receptors

  10. Micturition (urination) • The process of expelling urine from the bladder • Micturition reflex center: in the spinal cord • Responsible for the urge to urinate

  11. Urethra • The tube that transfers urine from the bladder to the outside • Longer in men than in females

  12. Maintaining Homeostasis • Water and electrolytes are the 2 most important substances in the body • 1) lost water and electrolytes must be replaced • 2) excess water and electrolytes must be excreted • Electrolytes: molecules which release ions (charged particles) in water

  13. Fluid Compartments • Females: 52% water • Males: 63% water • Intracellular compartment: includes all the water and electrolytes in all cells • Extracellular compartment: all the fluid outside of cells • Tissue spaces (interstitial fluid) • Blood vessels (plasma) • Lymphatic vessels (lymph) • Transcellular Fluid • Cerebro spinal fluid in the nervous system • Aqueous and vitreous humor in the eyes • Synovial fluid in the joints • Serous fluid in the body cavities • Secretions of the glands

  14. Water Balance • Intake equals output • Intake: • 60% from beverages • 30% from food • 10% byproduct of cellular metabolism • Regulated by the thirst center in the hypothalamus • Output: • 60% urine • 6% feces • 6% sweat • 28% evaporation • Regulated by urine production

  15. Electrolyte Balance • Intake: food, water, byproducts of metabolism • Regulated by hunger and thirst (hypothalamus) • Output: sweating, feces, urine • Regulated by kidneys and aldosterone secreted by the adrenal gland

  16. Acid-Base Balance • Acids: release hydrogen ions H⁺ • Bases: release ions that combine with hydrogen OH⁻ • Hydrogen Ion (ACID) Sources • 1) aerobic cellular respiration Produces CO₂ (carbonic acid) • 2) anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid • 3) incomplete oxidation of fatty acids Produces ketone bodies • 4) oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur Produces sulfuric acid • 5) Breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids Produces phosphoric acid

  17. Regulation of Acid/Base Balance • Respiratory system: rate and depth of breathing will increase to get rid of excess carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) • Kidneys: nephrons excrete hydrogen ions into urine when there is excess acid

  18. Elevated acid levels • Respiratory Acidosis: increased CO₂ levels (carbonic acid) • Causes: • Injury to respiratory center of the brain • Obstruction of airways • Disease that decreases gas exchange • Ex: pneumonia, emphysema • Shallow breathing • Symptoms: drowsiness, disorientation, stupor, labored breathing, cyanosis

  19. Elevated acid levels • Metabolic acidosis: Either accumulation of acids or loss of bases • Causes: • Kidney disease • Prolonged vomiting • Prolonged diarrhea • Diabetes- fatty acids produce ketone bodies • Symptoms: drowsiness, disorientation, stupor, labored breathing, cyanosis

  20. Elevated base levels • Respiratory Alkalosis: Excessive loss of CO₂ and carbonic acid • Causes: • Hyperventilation • Anxiety • Fever • Poisoning • High altitudes • Symptoms- • Light-headedness • Agitation • Dizziness • Tingling

  21. Elevated base levels • Metabolic Alkalosis: Rise in the pH of blood • Causes- • Prolonged vomiting • Diuretic drugs • Too much antacids • Symptoms- • Decreased breathing

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