Ancient Greece: Rise of Democracy (500’s BCE) vs The Persian Empire

1. Ancient Greece: Rise of Democracy (500’s BCE) vs The Persian Empire

2. Essential Questions • What types of governments existed in Ancient Greece? • What are the main characteristics of Athens and Sparta? • Which important wars shaped Ancient Greece? • What political and cultural practices shaped Persia?

3. What is a city state? • Greece = a collection of city-states (polis) • City and the agricultural land around it • Shared a common culture and identity • There was not one ruler for all the Greek city states • Each city state had its own government

4. Governments • Styles of government in Greece • Monarchy- a single person (king) ruled in a gov’t • Rule is hereditary • Some rulers claim divine right • Aristocracy • Gov’t ruled by a small group of noble landowning families

5. Oligarchy • rule by a few powerful people • Rules is based on wealth or ability • Ruling group controls military • Tyrant • Rule by a military or political figure who takes power by force • Tyrant could be good or bad depending on his policies

6. Democracy- • rule by the people • based on citizenship

7. Social Groupings in the City-States • 3 Groups • Citizens with political rights= adult males who had political rights • Citizens with no political rights= women and children • Non-citizens= slaves= no political rights= 1/3 of population

9. SPARTA • Government • Oligarchy • Militaristic society • State is above the individual

10. SPARTA Culture: • Boys were taken from parents at age seven and trained in the art of warfare. • They were only give a cloak - no shoes or other clothes, and not enough food so they had to steal • They were educated in some reading and writing, but athletics and military training were emphasized • To age 30 they were dedicated to the state

11. Spartan Women Girls were educated at age 7 in some reading and writing, Taught gymnastics, athletics and survival skills (these were the most important skills). Could participate in sports The goal was to produce women who would produce strong healthy babies. At age 18 she would be assigned a husband. Treated more as equals compared to other city states

12. ATHENS

13. Athens • 510 the world’s first democracy was created • Direct Democracy- People vote directly on laws

14. Road to Democracy 1st- MONARCHY 2nd- RULE BY ARISTOCRATS 3rd – RULE BY A TYRANT 4th- DIRECT DEMOCRACY

15. Promoters of Democracy • Cleisthenes 508 BCE • “Founder of Democracy” in Athens • Allowed more citizen participation

16. Culture of Athens • Schools taught reading, writing and mathematics, music, poetry, sport and gymnastics. • education was from the age of 5 to 14, for the wealthier 5 - 18 • sometimes into a student's mid-twenties in an academy where they would also study philosophy, ethics, and rhetoric

17. Culture of Athens • citizen boys entered a military training camp for two years, until the age of twenty • Girls received little formal education. The education of a girl involved spinning, weaving, and other domestic art. • Wives were considered property of their husbands. • Some women held high posts in the ritual events and religious life of Athens

18. Culture of Athens • Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) • looking at disease as something that occurred naturally, instead of coming from the gods. • He also believed that doctors should observe symptoms to determine how to treat a patient.

19. The Wars with Persia

20. Persian Empire • Political-Considerable military power with absolute rule • Darius centralized political administration for the empire. • Appointed governors to serve as agents of the central administration and oversee affairs in the numerous regions • Administrative and taxation districts governed by satraps; Legal system was standardized, but did not abolish the laws of individual lands or peoples.

21. Economic- Started off as mainly pastoralists with some agriculture, but agriculture became the foundation of the economy, including barley, wheat • Each satrapy had to pay a tribute in silver and a levy of horses and slaves • Used tax collectors and record keepers to help manage the economy; standardized coins • Qanats (underground canals)enhanced agricultural production and population growth.; Iron tools helped with agriculture

22. Religion- Various religious groups, such as Egyptian, Jews, Greeks, because of the size of the empire • Zoroastrianism- was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago. • Cosmic dualism refers to the ongoing battle between Good (Ahura Mazda) and Evil within the universe.

23. Social- Diverse cultures; respected cultural traditions of the peoples they ruled • Warriors, priests, and peasants gave way to an educated bureaucracy • Slaves were a large portion of the class system

24. Battle of Marathon • When:490 B.C. • Why: Athens helped the Greek city-state, Ionia, revolt against the Persian empire • What: Persia (King Darius) attacks Athens • Outcome: Athens won, which allowed Greece to remain free • One of the most important Greek battles

25. War with Persia Again • Xerxes, king of Persia, wanted to continue the war with Athens his father (King Darius I) had started • Greek City States unite- Athens asks Sparta for help

27. Battle of Thermopylae-480 B.C. • Famous battle – 300 Spartans vs Persians • There were actually 700-1000 other Greek soldiers, Thespians, that fought with the 300 Spartans • 10,000 Persians on that last day of the battle

29. Persia was eventually defeated in 479 B.C.E. but an official treaty would not be signed for 30 more years (449 B.C.E.)

30. Peloponnesian War • 431-404 BCE • Athens v. Sparta • Sparta technically wins, but both city-states are so weak that ambitious kings from Macedonia soon conquer the cities. • Philip II of Macedon • Alexander

31. REVIEW • Greece was a collection of ? • What is a city state? • Athens created the first ________? • Who could vote? • Who was the greatest democratic leader? • What type of government did Sparta have? • Describe Sparta in one word. • In Sparta was the state #1 or the individual?