Unit 8: Mastering the U.S. History and Government Regents Day 1

1. Unit 8: Mastering the U.S. History and Government Regents Day 1 “You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.”

2. Geography of the U.S. • Natural harbors contributed to the development of cities. • Appalachian Mountains = Proclamation of 1763 or the border established by Great Britain in order to avoid conflicts between American colonists and Native Americans. • What is so important about the Great Plains or the relatively flat, grassy region of the U.S. between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains? Agriculture! • I say LOUISIANNA PURCHASE, you say MISSISSIPPI RIVER! • I say LOUISIANNA PURCHASE, you say NEW ORLEANS!

3. What does “colonial America” mean? 1600 1700 1800 1900 “colonial America” United States British established 13 colonies in the America The colonies declare independence (July 4, 1776) NO MORE COLONIES! NO MORE SUBJECTS OF THE BRITISH CROWN! British citizens or “subjects”

4. What is a colony? Maybe call it Virginia! A colony is an area under the full or partial control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

5. Will eventually become… The United States of America

6. TRIANGULAR TRADE = a term used to describe the trade occurring between England, Africa, and the Americas.

7. Mercantilism • The government should control economic activity • Trade should be controlled so that more exports should exceed imports ( i.e. the country sells more goods than it has to buy from other countries)

8. Geography as well as climate greatly affected people’s livelihoods in the English colonies. New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies

9. Southern Colonies Geography/Climate = Warm temperatures and regular rainfall Rich and fertile soil • Economy based on = Large-scale farming (plantations) • Rice, tobacco, indigo (north) Cotton (south) • * Large-scale farming = large population of slaves/indentured servants

10. New England/Northern Colonies Geography/Climate = Rocky soil Dense forests Coastal waters • Economy based on = Small-scale farming • Timber (shipbuilding) • Cod, halibut, shellfish, whale, oysters, etc… • * Absence of large-scale farming = very few slaves/indentured servants

11. Middle Colonies Geography/Climate = River valleys rich and fertile Growing season longer than in New England region • Economy based on = Medium-scale farming • (Wheat, barley and rye) • Raised cattle and pigs • Urban employment • * Slaves/indentured servants most often worked as house servants

12. SLAVE POPULATION AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION OF ORGINIAL THIRTEEN COLONIES, 1770

13. Colonial Government Virginia House of Burgesses/Mayflower Compact/Town Hall Meetings = Early colonial efforts at self-government. They are contributed to the development of representative democracy. What is representative democracy? Citizens allow others — usually elected officials — to represent them in government (i.e. the processes of legislation or lawmaking).

14. Independence Here We Come

15. Role of the colonies is to serve the interests of the mother country

16. X I guess I’m the only one. I’m so frustrated by these laws! Am I the only one? X X a colonist from Virginia

17. The french and indian war 1754-1763 (62 years after the Salem Witch Trials)

18. Disputes over land in the Ohio River Valley between the British and the French led to what became known as the French and Indian War?

19. Who is involved? Britain and her colonies : Wanted to acquire more land, expand trade, and annoy the French France: Wanted to stop the British from intruding on their territory Indians of Ohio River Valley: Wanted to keep their land

20. In the end… With the help of the powerful Iroquois nations the British (and the colonists) won the French and Indian War

21. What conclusion can you draw from the maps below about the effect of the French and Indian War? 1754 (Prior to Seven Years’ War) 1763 (After the Seven Years’ War)

22. Why is the French and Indian War Important? Great Britain was left in massive debt, so they needed to tax the colonies in order to pay for the war.

23. NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!

24. Colonist from New England Colonist from the Middle Colonies Southern Colonist SCREW THE BRITISH!

25. TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE OR NOT TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE? Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (a pamphlet) My point is simple Use your brain It’s “Common Sense” Wrote Thomas Paine A Greg Original:

26. The D of I Wrote Thomas J Goodbye Great Britain Hello U.S.A. Another Greg Original: Written by Thomas Jefferson who was influenced by the writers of the Enlightenment. Takes ideas from John Locke’s theory of natural rights.

27. Now that the colonies were no longer apart of the British government, the newly created American states needed to quickly put into place a new government. Ahhhh! Who’s in charge? This is complete anarchy!

28. First Attempt: We will call this first American Constitution The Articles of Confederation WHY CALL IT THIS? Article: a particular section in a written document, such as contract, constitution or treaty. Confederation: a loose union of independent states

29. AND 13 STATE GOVERNMENTS 1 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT = 1 BRANCH called CONGRESS Each state will have its own government with a governor elected by the citizens of that state. Each state will send representatives to a Confederation Congress. Each state will have one vote in Congress. I have an idea!

30. Shay’s Rebellion = Central Govt. too weak to handle national problems

31. Success of the Articles of Confederation = It provided a system for governing the Western territories and a process for admitting new states to the Union = Northwest Ordinance (1787)

32. Second Attempt = U.S. Constitution Wanted to prevent tyranny! Disagreements led to Compromises Great Compromise Created a bicameral legislature (two houses) 3/5 Compromise Determined that 3/5 of the slave population would be counted for rep. in the House.

33. To RATIFY (to confirm by expressing approval) or not to RATIFY?

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