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Explore the economic and social transformations, technological innovations, and disparities caused by industrialization, with key insights on why England pioneered this pivotal era and its effects on society, economy, and environment.
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The Industrial Revolution Unit 4 Chapter 22
Overview • Economic and social transformations • Innovations in • Manufacturing • Mining • Transportation • Communications • Led to • Massive increases in production • Disparity between industrialized and non-industrialized countries • Exploitation of resources • Transformation of environment • Social exploits • Widened gap between rich and poor • Dangerous jobs for children • Unsanitary conditions
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
Preconditions • Agricultural revolution • Potato • Crops that did not deplete the soil • Enclosure Movement • Population growth • Fastest growth in the world • Because of agricultural revolution • Expansion of trade • Improved roads & canals • Expansion of cottage industries • Trade with Americas, West Africa, & India • Openness to innovation • Patent system • More fluid society
Britain’s Economic Growth • All of the preconditions led to a rising standard of living • Led the world in exports of craft goods • Largest merchant marines • Led the world in production of naval supplies, including ships
Advantages of Cottage Industries • Peasants could supplement their agricultural incomes • Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often demanding regulations of urban labor • Merchants could acquire capital, which would later play a part in funding industrialization itself • Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth
French Economic Disadvantages • Years of war • Heavy debts • High unemployment soldiersreturning from the battlefronts • French businessmen were afraid to take risks
5 Innovations that Spurred Industrialization • Mass production through division of labor • Mechanization • Increase in manufacture of iron • Steam engine • Electric telegraph Interestingly enough, China had the first three by 1200!
Factory Production • Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor] • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets] • Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor
New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
The "Have-Nots": The Poor, The Over-Worked, & the Destitute
Government Response • Abolition of slavery in the coloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in Britain] • Sadler Commissionto look intoworking conditions • Factory Act[1833] – child labor • New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief • Reform Bill[1832] – broadens thevote for the cities
By 1850: Zones of Industrializationon the European Continent • Northeast France • Belgium • The Netherlands • Western German states • Northern Italy • East Germany Saxony
