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Bio212 Laboratory 1 Blood and Blood Typing

Bio212 Laboratory 1 Blood and Blood Typing. Objectives for Lab 1. Be able to read and interpret a blood typing card (agglutination reaction) and determine blood type from what you see

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Bio212 Laboratory 1 Blood and Blood Typing

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  1. Bio212 Laboratory 1 Blood and Blood Typing

  2. Objectives for Lab 1 • Be able to read and interpret a blood typing card (agglutination reaction) and determine blood type from what you see • Understand what determines blood type and under what circumstances a transfusion reaction may occur, i.e., what serum antibodies must be present for a reaction to take place • Be able to distinguish the formed elements of blood under the microscope or from a photomicrograph, and know the approximate percentage of each type of leukocyte

  3. Neutrophils • light blue granules in acid-base stain • lobed nucleus • other names • segs • polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs) • bands (young neutrophils) • first to arrive at infections • phagocytic • 54% - 62% of leukocyte • elevated in bacterial infections

  4. Basophils • deep blue granules from basic stain • release histamine • release heparin • less than 1% of leukocytes

  5. Eosinophils • deep red granules in acid stain • bilobed nucleus • moderate allergic reactions • defend against parasitic worm infestations • 1% - 3% of leukocytes • elevated in worm infestations and allergic reactions

  6. Monocytes • largest blood cell • kidney-shaped or oval nuclei • leave bloodstream to become macrophages • 3% - 9% of leukocytes • elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis

  7. Lymphocytes • about the size of RBC • large spherical nuclei • thin rims of cytoplasm • T cells • B cells • important in immunity • produce antibodies • 25% - 33% of leukocytes • decreased T Cells in AIDS

  8. Antigens and Antibodies • The major function of the immune system is to distinguish ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ • Antigens are glycoproteins that can potentially trigger an immune response (agglutinogens) • An antibody is a protein that binds specifically to a particular antigen (agglutinins)

  9. ABO Blood Group

  10. Agglutination *

  11. Blood Agglutination Anti-D = Rh factor Agglutination(positive rexn) Homogeneous “lawn” of RBCs (negative rexn) Figure From: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

  12. Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for Transfusion NOTE: Type AB is a universal recipientType O is a universal donor

  13. Rh Blood Group Factor Several antigens, most important is antigen D If any Rh antigens present, blood is Rh+ Anti-Rh antibodies develop after exposure of an Rh- individual to Rh+ blood.

  14. Determining if a transfusion reaction will occur • When transfusing ‘packed red cells’, only RBCs will be transfused from donor to recipient • Must consider ONLY if the antibodies present in the recipient’s plasma will react with the donor’s RBCs. Example: Transfusing CELLS from a type B donor to a type A recipient. Cells Plasma Cells Plasma

  15. Review AB = universal recipient, O = universal donor

  16. Things you should do in lab today • Examine the blood slide (#20) under the microscope • Blood slide – be able to recognize and distinguish among the different types of cells as well as platelets • Might want to try a differential count (100 cells) • Refer to your • Hole’s Lab Manual for pictures/guidance • See Lab Guide (handout) checklist of cells for which you are responsible for Laboratory Exercise #1 • Test your blood (work with a partner) • Use the Eldoncard kits to test YOUR OWN blood; see the instructions in your Lab Guide • Determine your blood type • Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in today

  17. Things you should do in lab today • For those of you who don’t want to, or should not, test your own blood • Use the synthetic test kits to test ONE OF THE SAMPLES of synthetic blood; see the instructions in your Lab Guide • Determine the blood type • BE SURE TO INDICATE THE NUMBER OF THE SAMPLE YOU TESTED ON YOUR HAND-IN SHEET!! • Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in • Please be sure to sign Lab Safety Rules sheet

  18. Next Lab… • Suggest that you label the following exercises in preparation for examining models and learning blood vessels • See Blood/Cardiovascular links on Web site • Heart Models • Exercise 38 in Hole’s Lab Manual • Blood vessels • Exercise 40 in Hole’s Lab Manual

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