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Human Security and R2P

Human Security and R2P. Bjørn Møller Presentation to the 2014 IPRA Conference. Bjørn Møller. Copenhagen Peace Research Inst . (COPRI) 1985-2001 Danish Inst . for Internat. Studies (DIIS) 2001-2011 Aalborg University , Copenhagen (AAU-DPH) 2011-

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Human Security and R2P

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  1. Human Security and R2P Bjørn Møller Presentation to the 2014 IPRA Conference

  2. Bjørn Møller • Copenhagen Peace Research Inst. (COPRI) 1985-2001 • Danish Inst. for Internat. Studies (DIIS) 2001-2011 • Aalborg University, Copenhagen (AAU-DPH) 2011- • Lecturer at Centre of African Studies (CAS) 1992- • SG of IPRA 1997-2000 • Refugee Appeals Board 2013- • CRIC (Center for the Resolution of International Conficts) 2013-

  3. ”Security”

  4. National Security • Absence of threat to the State’s • Sovereignty (formal/empirical, external/internal) • Territorial integrity • From • Enemystates (invasion, occupation, annexation) • Domesticenemies (secession) • International organisations () • Form: Military/Other

  5. Societal Security • Security of human collective • National, Ethnic, Religous, Other • Value at stake: Identity • Threats: • Genocide • Discrimination • Forceful assimilation • Immigration

  6. Human security • Security of human individuals • Freedom from fear • Freedom from want • Value at stake • Survival • Quality of life • Threats • Human rightsviolations, crime, poverty

  7. Human Rights Human Security Human Development

  8. Human Development • Inventors • Amartya Sen (India) • MahbubulHaq (Pakistan) • Origins: UNDP • HDI: Human Development Index Resemblance: (Absence of) StructuralViolence

  9. National and/or Human Security National Security Human Security Human rights Human development ”Non-indifference” Exception • Sovereignty • Non-intervention Real national security v. Regime security Normal circumstances

  10. R2P: A western imposition? Genealogy of R2P • Human development: • Sen (India) • ul-Haq (Pakistan) • Sovereignty as Responsibility • Francis Deng (Sudan) • Boutros Gali (Egypt) • Kofi Annan

  11. Francis Deng: Father of R2P • InternallyDisplaced Persons (IDPs) • ”Kampala Movement” • Sovereignty as Responsibility • Special Adviser to the United Nations Secretary-General on thePreventionof Genocide and Mass Atrocities

  12. Impetus to R2P Kosovo: Hum. Int. (1999) ICISS: International Comm. On Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001) ”UN Track” Rwandan non-intervention (1994) OAU Report AU Constituent Act art. 4: “right of the AU to intervene into internal affairs of a member state in cases of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity” + “threats to legitimate order”

  13. ICISS: R2P Responsibility to • Prevent • Protect • Rebuild WhoseResponsibility? • The State • Others Modalities Modified just warcriteria: • Just Cause • Just Authority • Proportionality • Likelihood of success

  14. R2P: The UN Track • lCISS Report (2001) • High-Level Panel: ” A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility” (2004) • SG Report: ”In LargerFreedom” (2005) • UN Summit Declaration (2005) Each individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. (…) The international community should, as appropriate, encourage and help States to exercise this responsibility and support the United Nations in establishing an early warning capability. The international community, through the United Nations, also has the responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful means, in accordance with Chapters VI and VIII of the Charter, to help to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. In this context, we are prepared to take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner, through the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter, including Chapter VII, on a case-by-case basis and in cooperation with relevant regional organizations as appropriate, should peaceful means be inadequate and national authorities are manifestly failing to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. (GA/RS/60/1, articles 138-139).

  15. R2P: Taxonomy ”The Full Monty”: Humanitarian Intervention • Enforce policy change • Enforce regime change But also: • Resp. to prevent • Resp. to rebuild ”R2P Lite” Protection of civilians

  16. Military v. civilianmeans:The Full Monty

  17. Military v. civilianmeans: R2P Lite

  18. Problems and Caveats • Abuse • Hitler: ProtectSudeten Germans • Putin: Protectethnic Russians in Ukraine • Hidden agendas • Selectivity: R2P inapplicable to • Nuclear and/or great powers • States with powerfulallies

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