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Islam

Islam. “Submission to God” Youngest world religion 1/4 of world population. Islam. Muslims believe that Islam is the faith of all God’s prophets from Adam onward, and therefore is the original religion.

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Islam

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  1. Islam “Submission to God” Youngest world religion 1/4 of world population

  2. Islam • Muslims believe that Islam is the faith of all God’s prophets from Adam onward, and therefore is the original religion. • They see the formal creation of a distinct religion in the 7th century C.E. as the final form of the religion, explicitly revealed in the Qur’an

  3. Review Question • What does the word “Islam” mean?

  4. Terms • Islam • “to submit” • Muslim • “one who submits” • Qur’an (Koran) • Holy Book of Islam, in Arabic, consisting of 114 suras • Allah • Arabic name for God

  5. Review Question • The Qur’an is a collection of _____ • What is the language of the Qur’an?

  6. Terms • Qur’an (Koran) • Holy book of Islam • 114 Suras (chapters) • Opening chapter (short prayer invoking the name of God) • 113 chapters arranged in length • Second chapter = longest • Written and read from right to left • Result of divine dictation, so it cannot be translated

  7. Terms • Hadith • Collection of the sayings of Muhammad • Sunnah (Sunna) • Reports of his actions • Body of social and legal custom and practice of the Islamic community • Shariah • Islamic law and moral code

  8. Introduction • Islam - Arabic word meaning “to submit,” and a Muslim is “one who submits” • that is, one who lives life in the way God intends • Islam is a TOTAL way of life, not just concerned with spiritual matters

  9. Introduction • People of the Book • Monotheistic Religions • Judaism • Christianity • Prominent Islam Locations • Middle East • North and West Africa • Southeastern Europe • Malaysia

  10. Islam—the Beginning • Abraham • Sarah & Hagar • Ishme’al, & Isaac • Abraham & Ishme’al • Ka’aba Stone • Mecca

  11. Review Question • Who is Muhammad? • Where and when was he born? • What divine interaction did he have?0

  12. Introduction • Muhammad – The Last Prophet • Qur’an revealed to Him • “Peace Be Upon Him” • Actions of Muhammad are the 2nd highest authority (1st is the Qur’an)

  13. Revelation • The month of Ramadan, 610CE, Mount Hira (near Mecca) • Gabriel, in the form of a man • Asked him to recite and then embraced him, 3 times • The Qur’an began to be revealed to him • “Recite in the Name of thy Lord who created” • In fear, Muhammad fled • “Thou art the messenger of God and I am Gabriel”

  14. Struggles • 619 CE • Kadijah (Muhammad’s wife) and Abu Talib (Muhammad’s uncle and clan leader) both died • Divine intervention • Muhammad’s supreme spiritual experience • Nocturnal Ascent (Isra and Mi’raj) • Mentioned in the Qur’an, Hadith, and nearly every work of Islamic history • During a nightly visit to the Ka’aba

  15. Gabriel took Muhammad to Jerusalem on a mythical flying creature – Buraq – like Pegasus From the rock on which Abraham offered the sacrifice of Isaac (site of Solomon’s temple and currently The Dome of the Rock) ascended to the higher states of being to the Divine Presence himself

  16.  Muhammad met various prophets, from Adam to Abraham, from Moses to Jesus, as well as a variety of angels as he passed through the seven heavens. After this Gabriel took him to the heavenly lote-tree on the boundary of the heavens before the throne of Allah.

  17. From 50 to 5 daily prayers – debate with Moses

  18. Review Question • What event marks the first year of the Islamic calendar? • When would this event have occurred according to the western calendar?

  19. Muhammad “Peace be upon him” • God’s Final Prophet – the “Seal” of the prophets • Hijra • 622 CE • 1 AH (after Hijra) • 630 CE – Returned to Mecca • Circled Ka’aba 7 times • Destroyed idols in the Ka’aba and reestablished it as a place of worship • 632 CE – Muhammad died

  20. Review Question • For each of the sects of Islam, please summarize in one or two sentences the sect’s major beliefs about religious authority: • Sunni • Shia • Sufi

  21. Spread of Islam • Caliphs (deputy of the Prophet – a political, not religious, position) • 1st Caliph was Abu Bakr -- one of Muhammad’s chief converts (father of his wife) • 2nd Caliph was Umar – led conquests in Palestine, Syria, Egypt, N. Africa, Iran, Iraq • 3rd Caliph was Uthman – pious, established standard text of Qur’an; killed in mosque • Ali – 4th Caliph – Muhammad’s cousin/son-in-law • Shi’ite (Shi’a) leader • Sunni’s disagreed – wanted democratic election • Umayyad Caliphate – assassinated Ali

  22. The Spread of Islam

  23. Foundations of the Faith • The Qur’an • The Hadith • The 5 Pillars of Islam • Oneness of God

  24. Review Question • What are the 5 pillars?

  25. The Five Pillars of Islam • Shahada (The Declaration of Faith) • There is only one God; Muhammad is His messenger • Salat (Prayer) • Obligation to pray 5 times/day, facing Mecca • Sawm (Fasting) • During the month of Ramadan • Zakat (Charity) • Donation of surplus of wealth (2.5%) • Hajj (Pilgrimage) • To Mecca, once in lifetime

  26. The 6th pillar? – Shi’a • Jihad = Arabic for "struggle" or "effort," or "to strive," "to exert," "to fight," depending on the context. • In the West, the word is generally understood to mean "holy war” • The Qur’an does call for "jihad" as a military struggle on behalf of Islam. However, the Qur’an also refers to jihad as an internal, individual, spiritual struggle toward self-improvement, moral cleansing and intellectual effort. • Muhammad’s definition: • Little jihad = armed holy war • Greater jihad = spiritual struggle

  27. ShahadaDeclaration of Faith • There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet

  28. Salat • All Muslims must pray 5 times daily facing the holy city of Mecca • Fajr (dawn) • Dhuhr (noon) • Aṣr (afternoon) • Maghrib (evening) • Ishāʾ (night)

  29. A Translation of the Call to Prayer: • Adhan – performed by Meuzzin

  30. Sawn • All Muslims must fast during the daylight hoursof the holy month of Ramadan • 29-30 days, based on visual sightings of the crescent moon • Ramadan comes from the Arabic root ramida or ar-ramad (“scorching heat” or “dryness”) • Obligatory, except for those who are ill, traveling, pregnant, breastfeeding, diabetic, or going through menstrual bleeding

  31. Zakat • Giving Charity • Recommended 2.5% of income

  32. Review Question • What is the holiest pilgrimage site in the Islamic faith? • What is the pilgrimage called?

  33. Hajj • All Muslims are expected to take a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life if physically and financially able

  34. Pilgrimage to Mecca Ihram – humility and cleansing

  35. Review Question • What is the Ka’bah?

  36. Sacred sanctuary – HaramForbidden to all but Muslims

  37. Mecca’s population increases from 376,000 to over 2 million.500,000 fit inside…

  38. The Tawaf • Circumambulation • Walk around the Ka’aba 7 times • Counter-clockwise

  39. Ka’aba

  40. Ka’aba

  41. Ka’aba • Al-Masjid al-Haram mosque • Built around the Ka’aba • Direction facing the Ka’aba = Oibla

  42. Ka’aba

  43. Ka’aba

  44. Ka’aba

  45. Ka’aba

  46. The Black Stone – Hagar al Aswad

  47. Zamzam Well • Miraculously-generated source of water from God • Gave water to Ishmael when he was banished and crying for water • Visited by pilgrims during the Hajj • Contemporary miracle – never gone dry

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