Inputs to shelf seas- an overview Materials are introduced into coastal and shelf seas primarily through: rivers, atm

1. Inputs to shelf seas- an overview • Materials are introduced into coastal and shelf seas primarily through: • rivers, • atmosphere, • groundwaters, • ice processes in polar seas

2. River inputs to coastal and shelf sea waters • Major player in hydrological cycle • Water fluxes- function of basin size and precipitation • Predominant route from land to ocean of water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) • Regions of freshwater influence (ROFIs) (Amazon, Rhine); physical chemical and biological consequences

3. Temperature (left) and SPM signatures (right) of Rhine ROFI in the North Sea. Data collercted by satellite(c/o ESA)

5. Suspended particulate matter inputs • Amount function of the erodibility of drainage basin • Greater than 90% of riverine SPM is trapped in ocean margins • High SPM leads to extended fan structures and offshore sediment accretion

7. Dissolved constituents • The coastal and estuarine “elemental filter” • Association of elements with particles (scavenging) and biota, and particle removal to sediments Estimates of removal of dissolved trace elements at ocean margins

8. Atmospheric inputs to shelf seas • As most particles from terrigenous sources, major inputs close to land (order of 50% of total atmospheric inputs to oceans is in margins) • Important input route for volatile pollutants • Rainfall – wet deposition • washes out particles and some material already in solution • rain can dissolve fraction of elements on particles • Dry deposition • direct fallout of particles to sea surface- difficult to quantify • dissolution of elements from particles on hitting the sea

10. Groundwater (GW) Inputs • Springs and seeps are features of many coastal systems e.g. springs observed coasts of, Yucatan peninsula, Western Australia, Europe etc. • Slow seepage may be more important in volume of water introduced and associated constituents • We know very little about the magnitude and impact of such GW systems (difficult to measure and lack of appreciation) • Natural radioisotopes (Ra, Rn isotopes) and some stable elements (e.g. Ba) are being used as tracers • Important chemical changes can occur in GW (“iron curtain”) that may modify chemical fluxes (Charette and Sholkovitz, JGR)

12. Polar seas • Ice transport- “drop-stones” and glacial erosion/melt water

13. Benthic exchanges • Sediments ultimate long-term repository (“sink”) for elements and particles introduced into marine waters • Both active recycling of many elements at benthic interface and... • Longer time-scale release of materials into water column • Example of fluxes of nutrients from sediments in the North Sea- rivers major input of nutrient but estimated 10-26% of phosphorus needed for net primary production can be from sediments

14. Note that coastal seas may be a • source of some gases • such as DMS (dimethyl sulphide): • Precursor to sulphate particles in atmosphere (responsible for albedo and partial control of surface temperature of planet) • Natural source of S acid components in atmosphere, as well as fuel combustion (power stations).

15. Water flows, and exchange with the open ocean fundamental to understanding of biological geochemical geological processes in continental and shelf sea systems e.g. upwelling, and advection on & off shelf • See the introduction to physical processes by Dr Sharples