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Morphology

Morphology. The Structure of Words. Morphemes. Defined as, “a minimal unit of meaning” Not the same as a syllable, which is a unit of sound (e.g., tuxedo has one morpheme and three syllables, while sixths has three morphemes and one syllable)

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Morphology

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  1. Morphology The Structure of Words

  2. Morphemes • Defined as, “a minimal unit of meaning” • Not the same as a syllable, which is a unit of sound (e.g., tuxedo has one morpheme and three syllables, while sixths has three morphemes and one syllable) • Not the same as a word, although a word can contain only one morpheme (e.g., tree, tuxedo) • Some morphemes are bound, meaning they can only appear attached to some other morpheme (e.g., -s, -ly, -un). Freemorphemes can appear by themselves as words

  3. Allomorphs • Defined as “a variant of morpheme;” variant can be in pronunciation and/or spelling • Examples: • Hymn, hymnal • -ible, -able, gullible/gullibility, usable • Electric/electricity • Condemn/condemnation

  4. Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology • Derivational Morphemes form new words, often changing the word class (part of speech) - E.g., bake/baker, legal/legalize • Inflectional Morphemes make a different form of the same word, such as plural or past tense. The eight inflectional morphemes in English will be shown on the next slide.

  5. English Inflectional Morphemes • On Nouns: • Plural -s • Possessive -’s • On Verbs: • 3rd person singular present tense -s • Past tense -ed • Part participle -en • Present participle -ing • On Adjectives: • Comparative -er • Superlative -est

  6. Types of Morphology • Affixation - adding an affix (prefix or suffix) to a root (e.g., en-list-ed) • Compounding - combining two or more roots in a single word (e.g., eggplant, greenhouse) • Internal Change - changing part of the root (e.g., sit/sat, foot/feet, mouse/mice) • Suppletion - changing the root completely (e.g., good/better, is/am) • Zero-Change - changing nothing (e.g., fish/fish, hit/hit)

  7. Some Adjective Affixes

  8. Some Noun Affixes

  9. Some More Noun Affixes

  10. Still More Noun Affixes

  11. Some Verb and Negative Affixes

  12. Word Classes (Parts of Speech) • Form Class Words • Also known as “Content Words” and “Open Class Words” • Have Semantic Content • Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs • Structure Class Words • Also know as “Function Words” and “Closed Class Words” • Have a Grammatical Function • Pronouns, Articles, Prepositions, Auxiliaries…

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