Task Force on the Quality of Employment Dimension 1. Safety and Ethics of Employment:

1. International Labour Office (ILO) Bureau of Statistics Policy Integration and Statistics Department Task Force on the Quality of Employment Dimension 1. Safety and Ethics of Employment: Forced Labour By Igor Chernyshev Paris, 12 June 2008

2. “How to recognize forced labour?” • Forced labour is defined in Convention 29 as «  all work or service that is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily » (Art. 2.1.) • The UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, (2000) defines trafficking as ‘…the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.’ IC/ILO-2008

3. From conventions to indicators! • How to translate these convention and protocols into operational indicators? • How to recognize situations of forced labour and trafficking? • What are the forms of forced labour? IC/ILO-2008

4. Gaps in indicators • There are various forms of forced labour, with more modern and more traditional manifestations! IC/ILO-2008

5. Types of surveys • Set of questions embedded in national surveys • Cost • Sensitive issue • Child labour survey • Labour Force survey (labour migration module) • Budget and expenditure IC/ILO-2008

6. National Surveys on forced labour and trafficking • What is the national context? • What forms of forced labour should be studied? • Forced labour in the country? • Trafficking from the country? • Trafficking to the country? • What kind of survey? Which sampling? • What indicators ? IC/ILO-2008

7. Analysis of the data collected in the survey • Indicators on the situation of workers: • % of successful workers • % of exploited workers (no deception nor coercion) • % of victims of forced labour/trafficking for forced labour • Profile of workers at risk of forced labour • Comparison of working conditions in the three groups of workers • Indicators are calculated by: • Sex • Country of destination/origin (in case of labour migration) • Sector of activity IC/ILO-2008

8. From indicators to questions • Three dimensions: • Recruitment: free, deceptive, coercive? • Exploitation- Non-decent work (wages, hours of work, hazardous tasks, etc) • Coercion • Forced to do what? • What means of coercion? • Many situations of labour migrants are neither clear decent work, nor clear forced labour. • Introduction of a decision tree with combinations of the three dimensions including grey areas IC/ILO-2008

9. Customization to the local situation • Niger: indicator of coercion is the right of the employer to control the life and work of the children of the employee • Moldova: indicator of coercion for migrants is the threat of reporting to authorities IC/ILO-2008

10. Current surveys • Moldova: LFS + labour migration-12’000HH-April-June 2008 • Georgie: Ad-hoc survey-8’000 HH- June 2008 • Paraguay: National census of indiegenous people • Zambia: LFS- Module on forced labour • Niger: Child labour survey • Russia: Survey on migrants (EC project ILO-IOM)- Non representative IC/ILO-2008

11. Thank you for your attention! IC/ILO-2008