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Bellringer 9/24/2014

Bellringer 9/24/2014. Name 3 structures of the respiratory system and explain the function of each. Learning Target. I can explain the structures and functions of the respiratory system. Structure and Function. Structure and Function.

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Bellringer 9/24/2014

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  1. Bellringer 9/24/2014 Name 3 structures of the respiratory system and explain the function of each.

  2. Learning Target • I can explain the structures and functions of the respiratory system.

  3. Structure and Function Structure and Function • The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide. • Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration • Inspiration- the process of taking in air • Expiration- the process of blowing out air

  4. Objectives Ventilation: The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

  5. External Respiration Structure and Function External Respiration Air from the outside environment enters the nose or mouth during inspiration (inhalation). The Nose • Also called external nares • Divided into two halves by the nasal septum • Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed • Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies

  6. Apnea: Lack of breathing Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen in the body

  7. Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the skin

  8. Indication of respiratory distress: Nasal flare Tripoid Position Pursed lip breathing Use of accessory muscles

  9. Nasal Flare

  10. Pursed Lip Breathing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxPRng3FRD4

  11. Tripoid Position

  12. Assessory Muscles***HOW TO SPOT A CHILD STRUGGLING TO BREATHE*** - YouTube

  13. Pharynx Structure and Function Pharynx Also known as the throat is a passageway for both air and food Three Sections of the Pharynx Nasopharynx -contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in the body’s immune defense Oropharynx -back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine tonsils which aid in the body’s immune defense

  14. Epiglottis Structure and Function The epiglottis, a movable flap of cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx (voice box) prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing. Occasionally, a person may swallow and inhale at the same time so some food may enter the larynx and choking occurs. Aspiration occurs when food or fluid enters the lung instead of the stomach.

  15. Larynx Posterior Portion of Tongue False Vocal Cords True Vocal Cords Glottis Structure and Function Larynx Serves as a passageway to the trachea and the area where sounds are produced Voice Box

  16. Trachea larynx trachea bronchi Structure and Function Trachea • Also known as the windpipe • Connects the larynx to the right and left bronchi

  17. Internal Respiration alveolus capillaries Structure and Function Internal Respiration Air from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles then to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect to lung capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged and oxygen is delivered to the body cells.

  18. Lungs Structure and Function Lungs • Consist of a right and left lobe • Covered by a double layer of membrane that makes movement in the thoracic cavity easier. The outer layer is the parietal pleura and the inner layer is the visceral pleura • The space between the two pleurae is called the pleural cavity • Pleurisy occurs when there is friction inside the pleural cavity. Very painful

  19. Inhale/Exhale Structure and Function The passage of air from the external environment to the lung capillaries, bloodstream and out consists of one inhalation and one exhalation.

  20. Muscles for Breathing Pharynx Bronchioles Larynx Alveoli Trachea (windpipe) Right and left bronchi Lungs Structure and Function3D view of diaphragm - YouTube Muscles for Breathing The major muscles that contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity during inspiration are the: • Diaphragm Note: The diaphragm lowers itself when it contracts during inhalation

  21. Diagnostic, Procedural & Laboratory Tests Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Methods Used to Diagnose Respiratory Disorders: • Auscultation • Assessing respiratory rate • Percussion • Sputum analysis Normal Adult respiratory rate is 12 to 20 respirations per minute.

  22. Pulmonary Function Tests Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pulmonary function tests measure the mechanics of breathing. Peak flow meter • measures the capacity for breathing Spirometer • a pulmonary function testing machine that measures the lungs volume and capacity

  23. Pulse Oximetry: Measures the saturation of O2 inside the body

  24. Abnormalities/Masses Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Abnormalities such as masses and restricted blood flow within the lungs can be detected via: • Chest x-rays • MRI • Lung scans Structures of the respiratory system can be observed via: • Endoscopy • Bronchoscopy

  25. Laboratory Tests Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Laboratory Tests • Throat Cultures • Sputum Sample • Arterial Blood Gases

  26. Pathology Inflammatory Conditions Pathology epiglottitis adenoiditis bronchitis laryngitis pharyngitis pneumonitis rhinitis sinusitis tonsillitis laryngotracheobronchitis

  27. Breathing Patterns eupnea hyperpnea dyspnea bradypnea tachypnea apnea hypopnea orthopnea Pathology Breathing Patterns Other Conditions • Hypoventilation • Hyperventilation • Hypoxemia

  28. Upper Respira http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qbn1Zw5CTbAtory Infection Pathology Upper respiratory infection is a term that covers an infection of some or all of the respiratory tract. Other Conditions: • Croup • Diptheria • Epistaxis • Rhinorrhea • Pertussis • Rhinitis

  29. Chronic Obstructive Puhttp://s.ytimg.com/yts/img/favicon-vfldLzJxy.icoDisease Normal bronchiole Asthmatic bronchiole, showing constriction Pathology Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a term for any disease with chronic obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as: • Emphysema • Chronic Bronchitis Asthma causes narrowing of the bronchi leading to dyspnea, wheezing and coughing.

  30. Hemoptysis Pathology Hemoptysis Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of blood. Cystic Fibrosis Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction. Atelectasis Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a lung. Pneumonia Acute infection of the alveoli.

  31. Pathology • TB: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs. It may spread to other organs. • ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood. • Lung Cancer: Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs. The lungs are located in the chest. Most lung cancer begins in the cells of the bronchi.

  32. Disorders of the Pleura Pathology Disorders of the Pleura Pneumothorax • Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity. Empyema • Pus in the pleural cavity. Hemothorax • Blood in the pleural cavity. Pleural Effusion • Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.

  33. Otorhinolaryngologists Surgical Terms Pulmonologists are physicians that specialize in disorders and diseases of the lungs. Surgical Removal Conditions • Laryngectomy • Tonsillectomy • Adenoidectomy • Pneumonectomy • Lobectomy

  34. Surgical Repair laryngoplasty bronchoplasty rhinoplasty septoplasty tracheoplasty Surgical Terms Surgical Repair

  35. Surgical Incisions Tracheostomy tube Surgical Terms Surgical Incisions • Laryngotracheotomy • Sinusotomy • Thoracotomy • Tracheotomy • Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway.

  36. Pharmacology Pharmacology Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are used for respiratory disorders just as with other system disorders. Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions: Bronchodilators • Dilate the bronchial walls Expectorants • Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus

  37. Mechanical Devices Pharmacology Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration Ventilators • Actually serve as a breathing substitute for patients who can not breathe on their own. Nebulizers • Deliver medication through the mouth or nose to ease breathing problems

  38. Agents to Treat Respiratory Conditions Pharmacology Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions Antitussive Expectorants (relieves coughing) (promotes coughing and expelling of mucus) Decongestants (decreases and prevents mucus buildup)

  39. Apply Your Knowledge Apply Your Knowledge Identify the following respiratory structures: A. B. C.

  40. Apply Your Knowledge Answers • A Trachea • B Bronchus • C Alveoli

  41. Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 Apply Your Knowledge An obstruction in which of the following would be MOST fatal? A. BRONCHIOLE B. TRACHEA C. BRONCHI

  42. Answer B. Trachea

  43. Apply Your Knowledge Part 3 Apply Your Knowledge Mr. Davis has had hoarseness for the past six months. He recently went to his physician and received a diagnosis of cancer of his voice box. Which of the following procedures might be indicated for Mr. Davis? A. Pharyngectomy B. Pneumonectomy C. Laryngectomy

  44. Answer Answer: C. Laryngectomy

  45. Apply Your Knowledge Part 4 Apply Your Knowledge Melissa has very thick respiratory secretions. She visits a local pharmacy looking for something to help her with her dry cough. Which of the following types of medication should Melissa consider taking? A. Expectorant B. Antitussive C. Antibiotic

  46. Answer: A. Expectorant

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