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A. EXPLAIN THE EFFORTS IN DISARMAMENT IN 1920S.

Explore disarmament efforts in the 1920s, including the Washington Naval Conference, Locarno Pact, and Kellogg-Briand Pact. Analyze the impact on stability, collective security, and aid to Germany amidst geopolitical tensions.

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A. EXPLAIN THE EFFORTS IN DISARMAMENT IN 1920S.

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  1. A. EXPLAIN THE EFFORTS IN DISARMAMENT IN 1920S.

  2. External Scan • The German Issue • Italy (Dalmatia; Tyrol; Trentino, Istria) & the Treaty of London 1915 • Japanese Grievance - racial clause • New nation states - Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia • Britain and France - Defending the Status Quo. LON Mandates and colonial empires • Environment of Pacificsm • Environment of LON Internationalist idealism

  3. Goal: Secure and Peaceable World Order

  4. 1. Washington Naval Conference 1921-1922 5:5:3:1.67:1.67

  5. Stability in the Pacific 1904 - Theodore Roosevelt quoted: "If we are to exert the slightest influence in Western Asia…it is one of the highest importance that we have a naval station in Subic Bay." The Subic Naval Station became operational and provided support to the US Asiatic Fleet. It was the largest US Marine Corps Training Facility in the world before WW1. Subic Bay , Philippines

  6. Japanese Possessions

  7. 1938 1968

  8. Stonecutter Island, Hong Kong Former island in Victoria Harbor, Also called Ngong Shuen Chau

  9. Solution to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902 - 1911)(renewed 1911-1921) • Remote Possibility of war with Britain on the side of Japan vs. USA • Lloyd George needed to find a substitute to offer Japan to remain on good terms with Japan • A Conference for that purpose seemed called for. Hence, the Washington Naval Conference

  10. 2. Locarno Pact 1925 No. 1, Foreign Minister Stressmann of Germany; No. 2, Premier Mussolini of Italy, No. 3, Austen Chamberlain, delegate from Great Britain; No. 4, Aristide Briand of France; No. 5, Emile Vandervelde of Belgium. Palace of Justice, Locarno, Switzerland

  11. Respect for the new western boundaries - alsace & lorraine - rhineland Eastern boundaries - “…a free hand to secure a peaceful change of the borders of the East and later incorporate the German territories there” - Gustav Stresemann

  12. 3. Kellogg Briand Pact/ Pact of Paris French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand & US Secretary of State Frank B Kellogg

  13. Strange Circumstances I - Communication through the Associated Press on April 6, 1927 - Written by Professor James T Shotwell of Columbia University, NY - Suggested as a Bilateral Treaty - Public Opinion and American Lobby James T Shotwell

  14. Strange Method - General multilateral treaty instead of bilateral treaty to make it ineffective

  15. Strange Grouping First 15 - Britain, Italy, Japan, Germany, France, USA + Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Ireland, india, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa + thrown open to all other signatories (USSR)

  16. Strange Caveats “there are certain regions of the world that warfare and integrityof which constitute the special and vital interest for our peace and safety” - Sir Austen Chamberlain, British Foreign Secretary. “the Pact does not prohibit wars of self-defense or wars in pursuance of France’s obligations under the League Covenant, the Locarno treaties, or her post war treaties of alliance, and the breach of the Pact by one party would release others from its obligations.” - Agreement between Kellogg and Briand “after approving the treaty, the Senate turned to the next item of business, approving $270,000,000 for 15 10,000-ton cruisers for the US Navy.”

  17. Effect - Practice of having undeclared wars (Manchuria & Abyssinia) - the Caveats and Hypocrisy of it all - “It is going to confuse the minds of many good and pious people who think that peace may be secured by polite professions of neighborly and brother love” - Senator Cater Glass of Virgina, USA.

  18. B. HOW EFFECTIVE AS DISARMEMENT IN THE 1920S? 1. Result Analysis / Scorecard Analysis

  19. Stability in the Pacific & Europe Washington Naval Conference Locarno Treaty

  20. Stability in the Balkans Greek Invasion of Bulgaria 1925 - League of Nations Corfu Incident 1923 - League of Nations

  21. Jazz, Jitterburg & Charleston Harry Houdini Nosferatu Gustav & LON 1926 Special Report: Germany & World Economy 1920s Karl Benz Siemens Power Plant

  22. Cracks in the Wall

  23. (I) Overemphasis on self-interest and tainting the LON A. Kellog Briand Pact - Britain, France, USA B. LON - Double Standards Eg. 1923 aerial bombing ban (Britain) Eg. Ruhr Crisis 1923 (France) Eg. Vilnius, Lithuania (Poland)) C. Locarno (German view) D. Washington Naval Conference (US view)

  24. (II) Collective Security and exclusion of Major Powers in LON • USA, USSR (1934)

  25. (III) World Economy - War Debts - Reparations - Fuelling of economic activity

  26. B. Did the USA play an important role in Disarmament? 1. Extent Analysis - Number of events.

  27. 2. Motivation Analysis - self interest

  28. C. HOW EFFECTIVE WAS AID GIVEN TO GERMANY? • WWI & Economic Ruin • Ruhr Crisis & Passive Resistance 1923 • Deficit Financing & inflation • Hjalmar Schacht (special currency commissioner) & Gustav Stresemann rententmark reforms

  29. Dawes Plan 1924 • Charles Dawes • 800 million gold marks to end hyperinflation and pay reparations • - reduction in reparations • - flexible time schedule for repayment based on ability to pay American banker and politician who was the 30th VP (1925-1929). For his work on the Dawes Plan, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925 with Austen Chamberlain. He served in the First World War, was U.S. Comptroller of the Currency and the first director of the Bureau of the Budget, and in later life the U.S. ambassador to Britain

  30. Initially a great success • . Currency was stabilized • Inflation was brought under control. • Large loans raised in the USA and fall in unemployment • Ability of Germany to meet her obligations under the TOV for the next five years

  31. Young Plan 1929 - Owen Young, Head of Allied Reperations Commissions. - 2.6 billion pounds - 59 years payment - Compulsory & unconditional payment & Postponed payment sum

  32. Full impact of economic depression - Opposition from right-wing politicians Adolf Hitler. Even. The President of the Reichsbank, Hjalmar Schacht disagreed and resigned from office. - Default by Hitler (1953 international conference and payment of debt only after country unified. Principal paid by West Germany by 1980. Payments resume)

  33. GREAT DEPRESSION Job Bureau

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