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EUMETSAT: Monitoring Weather and Climate from Space

EUMETSAT's objective is to establish and maintain European systems of operational meteorological satellites, contributing to climate monitoring and detecting global climatic changes.

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EUMETSAT: Monitoring Weather and Climate from Space

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  1. EUMETSAT Monitoring weather and climate from space

  2. EUMETSAT objectives • The primary objective is to establish, maintain and exploit European systems of operational meteorological satellites. • A further objective is to contribute to the operational monitoring of the climate as well as the detection of global climatic changes. • Furthermore, environmental issues which drive or are driven by meteorological conditions are considered.

  3. EUMETSAT’s mission is…. • To deliver operational satellite data and products that satisfy the meteorological and climate data requirements of its Member States - 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, through decades. • This is carried out taking into account the recommendations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

  4. 25* Member States & 5 Cooperating States • Member States *CZECH REPUBLIC CROATIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM FINLAND GERMANY FRANCE DENMARK GREECE HUNGARY ITALY IRELAND NETHERLANDS NORWAY LUXEMBOURG LATVIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC SLOVENIA POLAND PORTUGAL SWEDEN SWITZERLAND TURKEY SPAIN Cooperating States UNITED KINGDOM * Pending full ratification BULGARIA ESTONIA ICELAND LITHUANIA ROMANIA

  5. Member State Cooperating State 6 7 4 3 2 1 5 8 Satellite Application Facilities (SAFs) in Europe Support to Nowcasting and Very Short Range Forecasting Ocean and Sea Ice Climate Monitoring Numerical Weather Prediction Land Surface Analysis Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring GRAS Meteorology Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management SAF Consortium Member Additional Met Service Users

  6. Global meteorological satellite system

  7. EUMETSAT space segment 30 … 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 METEOSAT FIRST GENERATION METEOSAT-6 METEOSAT-7 METEOSAT SECOND GENERATION METEOSAT-8 METEOSAT-9 METEOSAT-10 METEOSAT-11 METEOSAT THIRD GENERATION EUMETSAT POLAR SYSTEM METOP-A METOP-B METOP-C POST-EPS OCEAN SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY MISSION JASON-2 JASON-3 JASON FOLLOW-ON THIRD PARTY PROGRAMMES GMES SENTINEL-3A/B GMES SENTINEL-4 GMES SENTINEL-5

  8. Geostationary satellites Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) • consists of a series of four geostationary weather satellites • is scheduled to operate consecutively until 2018 • provides important image data on European weather on a daily basis, every 15 minutes through 12 spectral bands • Meteosat-9 (in operation since 2006) provides data collection and environmental monitoring data • Meteosat-8 (in operation since 2004) provides Rapid Scan Service (RSS) since May 2008 • RSS delivers image data and meteorological products for the detection of rapidly developing localised convective weather systems.

  9. EUMETSAT’s geostationary satellite coverage 60 N Meteosat-9 (0° Longitude) Meteosat-8 (9.5° E) 0 Meteosat-7 (57.5° E) Meteosat-6 (67.5° E) 60 S 80 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 100 120 140 160 180

  10. Polar-orbiting satellites EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS) • is Europe’s first series of polar-orbiting satellites for operational meteorology • consists of three Metop in low Earth orbit to operate over a period of at least 14 years. • Metop-A (in operation since 2007) • carries imaging and sounding instruments • has direct broadcasting and data collection capabilities • significantly contributes to the Global Observing System and the monitoring of climate and atmospheric chemistry. • EPS data • are of unprecedented accuracy • are used in various applications such as Numerical Weather Prediction models, cloud detection analysis or radiation budget components.

  11. Monitoring the oceans Jason-2 • was launched in June 2008 from Vandenberg, California • is EUMETSAT’s first optional programme on ocean altimetry. • has enabled EUMETSAT to extend its expertise in data and product dissemination for weather forecasting and climate monitoring • through the inclusion of data in support of marine meteorology, operational oceanography, seasonal prediction and climate monitoring.

  12. ASCAT Instrument on Metop • C-Band scatterometer • Measures: • Ocean wind speed and direction • Soil moisture • Ice properties • Calibration using a ground-based transponder network to ensure consistent performance over 14+ years of mission

  13. ASCAT Ocean wind products • Ocean and Sea Ice SAF produces operational ASCAT wind vectors at 25 km and 12.5 km spatial sampling ASCAT wind speed product visualisation, 28/10/2009

  14. ASCAT use in Numerical Weather Prediction • ASCAT Sigma-0 triplets are used at ECMWF since 12/06/2007 • Used/day STDV(SCAT–FGAT) • QuikSCAT ~120k/4 1.3 m/s 14 deg • ASCAT ~30k 1.3 m/s 14 deg Comparison of ASCAT measurement with First Guess at Appropriate Time (FGAT) over the period 10/2007-09/2009 Left: Wind speed scatter plot Right: Wind direction scatter plot Figures courtesy of Hans Hersbach, ECMWF

  15. ASCAT use in Ocean Prediction Centre • Identify weather features • Lows, highs, fronts • Intensity • Trends • Marine wind warnings • Issue, continue, terminate • One category lower compared to QS • Rarely detects HF conditions • Short term marine forecasts • Aerial coverage of winds • Real-time Verification • Comparison to NWP analyses • Feature intensity Slide content courtesy of Zorana Jelenak, NOAA

  16. ASCAT use in typhoon tracking In addition to the increase of data coverage, assimilation of less contaminated winds by rainfall has positive impact on typhoon position forecasts. Slide content courtesy of Masaya Takahashi, JMA 9-day typhoon position forecast for typhoon FITOW －: QuikSCAT －: ASCAT －: ASCAT and QuikSCAT －: No Scatterometer －: Analyzed Track Initial: 12UTC 07/08/28 QC-passed (blue) and rejected (red) winds QuikSCAT (Initial: 06UTC 07/08/28) ASCAT (Initial: 12UTC 07/08/28) Tokyo ★ Assimilated winds QuikSCATASCAT

  17. ASCAT Soil Moisture Index Product • Product developed by Tech. University of Vienna for EUMETSAT/Hydrology SAF, operational since 11/2008

  18. Jason-2 Product characteristics

  19. Jason-2 Jason-1 Jason-2 Significant Wave Height Product Global comparison between Ku-Band and ECMWF wave model (WAM) first-guess SWH values (ECMWF, From 01 August to 31 October 2008)

  20. Jason-2 Jason-1 Jason-2 Wind speed product Global comparison between altimeter and ECMWF model analysis wind speed values (ECMWF, From 01 August to 31 October 2008)

  21. Jason-2 Coastal application • DEM/DIODE tracking mode Comparison of the number of waveforms over the Amazon river Top: Jason-2 tracker configured as for Jason-1 Middle: median tracker Bottom: Diode/DEM mode with on orbit ephemeris coupled with DEM

  22. Jason-2 Summary • Assimilation of Jason-2 significant wave heights in the ECMWF model has a positive impact on the model forecasts. • The NRT products (OGDR) from Jason-2 are operational since December, 2008 • Jason-1 and Jason-2 were shifted apart by ca. a half orbit in February, 2009, and thereafter both data-streams are assimilated operationally as long as Jason-1 is still alive

  23. Sentinel-3 SENTINEL SERIES: Sentinel-3 • The Sentinels Series: Operational satellites to meet the Earth Observation needs of the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme. • Sentinel-1: C-band SAR • Sentinel-2: Superspectral (Land) • Sentinel-3: Ocean • Sentinel-4/-5: Atmospheric Chemistry • The pair of Sentinel-3 satellites will provide global, frequent and near-real time ocean, ice and land monitoring.

  24. Sentinel-3: Product Priorities • Ocean: • – Sea-Surface Temperature • – Sea Surface Topography • – Ocean Colour • Land: • – Land Surface Temperature • – Land Surface Biophysical Properties Products processed in Near Real Time by EUMETSAT Products processed by ESA

  25. Sentinel-3: Key Payload • SLSTR: Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer • SRAL: Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter • OLCI: Ocean and Land Colour Instrument • MWR: MicroWave Radiometer • LRR: Laser Retro-Reflector Launch Configuration

  26. Instruments and Ocean Products Sea Surface Temperature: (SST) Altimeter products: Sea Surface Height, (SSH), Sea Ice (SI) Significant Wave Height (SWH) Surface Wind Speeds (SWS) Altimetry support: (ionosphere, troposhere corrections, Precise Orbit Determination) Ocean Colour: ocean Chlorophyll (Chl), yellow substance (YS) Suspended Sediment, SLSTR: (ENVISAT AATSR Follow-on) SRAL: (CRYOSAT based) MWR: MicroWave Radiometer LRR : Laser Retro-Reflector OLCI: (MERIS Follow-on)

  27. Instruments and Land Products SLSTR: (ENVISAT AATSR Follow-on) OLCI: (MERIS Follow-on) SRAL: (CRYOSAT based) Lake Aral Variations

  28. NWP Forecast Systems: ECMWF example Atmospheric model Atmospheric model Wave model Wave model Ocean model Real Time Ocean Analysis ~8 hours Delayed Ocean Analysis ~12 days ECMWF: Weather and Climate Dynamical Forecasts 10-Day Medium-Range Forecasts Seasonal Forecasts Monthly Forecasts

  29. Atmosphere-Wave Model two-way coupling 10-Day Medium-Range Forecasts "Two-way interaction of wind and waves may either deepen or fill an atmospheric low." Atmospheric model SRAL 10 meter Model Winds Sentinel 3 - SRAL: Wind Speeds for validation Aerodynamic Surface Roughness based on 2D Model Wave Spectrum Time Wave model [Janssen ECMWF] Sentinel 3-SRAL: Significant Wave Heights for assimilation in Wave Model Ocean model

  30. Atmospheric model Wave model Satellite Altimeter data impact on wave prediction RMS Model SWH differences (m) high impact SRAL Impact studies, comparing 'with' and 'without' altimetry SWH assimilation => Better predictions with a constellation of Satellite altimeters no impact Aouf et al. 2004, Météo-France.

  31. Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice "SST and Sea-Ice play an important role in determining the behaviour of the overlying atmosphere." Atmospheric model Wave model Ocean model SLSTR SRAL ECMWF: ERA40 Annual Net Surface Heat Exchange

  32. OSTIA SST at Met Office • NWP SST didn’t capture the warming. OSTIA = OSI SAF SST Products + AATSR OSTIA – NWP SST NWP Bias 925hPa, 48hr forecasts SLSTR After: John Stark Medspiration, Workshop 2007

  33. August Trial Results… • OSTIA SSTs substantially reduced the negative bias seen with NWP SSTs at 850hPa. • OSTIA now fully operational, relying on supply of OSI SAF and AATSR data. • All Met Office forecasts now use OSTIA SST. -0.05 OSTIA SSTs Mean Error (K) NWP SSTs SLSTR -0.30 Forecast Range ( to 5 days) UK Met Office

  34. Atmospheric model Wave model Ocean model SST and Wind and Storms "Sea Surface Eddies determine the Turbulent Air-Sea Interactions" SLSTR [Chelton 2006:] SeaWinds Wind and AMSR SST Data 2002 -2003 Contours: Surface Surface Temperature Colours: Surface Wind Stress GOAL: Improve the modelling of boundary layer mixing in the ECMWF model with Satellite Data. SRAL

  35. Case Study: Hurricane Dean 2007 (winds) SLSTR Coupled with Ocean Uncoupled with Ocean SRAL Figures courtesy of NOAA

  36. OSI-SAF:Operational SST Products "EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice SAF products are addressing both the NWP and Ocean Communities" Ocean model Atmospheric model OSI SAF Operational L2P SST Products OSI SAF GRIB Operational SST Products SLSTR ! Sentinel-3 SLSTR: Continuation, Improvements Validation of OSI SAF SST Products

  37. Operational Sea Ice Products Atmospheric model Ocean model OSI SAF Sea Ice Products: Various regions, various formats type concentration edge ! Sentinel-3 SRAL: Continuation, Improvements Validation of OSI SAF Sea Ice Products SRAL

  38. Sea Surface Height: Constellation Of Altimeters NW-Atlantic Blue: Sentinel-3 Black: Jason Sentinel-3: Longer Repeat Cycle, More Coverage: => Dedication to Model applications Jason-1,2,..: Short Repeat Cycle, Non Sun-Synchronous: => Reference Mission for Climate Record of Sea Level Rise SRAL

  39. Seasonal Forecasting ECMWF: Buoys and Altimeters • Observing systems are complementary: • • Altimeter has largest impact in Eastern Pacific and Atlantic • •Argo has largest impact in Western Pacific/Indian Ocean SRAL NSTRATL TROPAC NINO3 NINO12 NINO4 EQIND Courtesy. M. Balmaseda (ECMWF), 2007

  40. ECMWF Ocean Model: Effects on currents No Data Assimilation Assimilation:Temp+Sal SRAL Assimilation:T+S+Alt Correlation with OSCAR currents (taken as truth) Monthly means, period: 1993-2005 Seasonal cycle removed

  41. Sentinel-3: Climate Contributions EUMETSAT: Hurricane Dean: 20.08.2007 IPCC:2007 • Cross-Calibrations => Sentinel-3 contributing to Sea Level Rise Monitoring Red: tide gauges reconstructed Blue: Coastal Tide Gauges Black: Sat altimetry SLSTR SRAL Red: Topex/Poseidon Blue: Coastal Tide Gauges Green: Jason WCRP: A warmer ocean can contribute to more intense hurricanes. Leuliette et. al. 2004 (re-newed)

  42. Sentinel-3 Sentinel-3: Summary • High Quality Sea Surface Temperature. • Sea-ice Measurements similar to those from CryoSat-2 • Complement the Jason ocean altimeter series. • Mainly for ocean model applications • Contributions to Sea Level Rise Climate Record • Lake Monitoring • Various Land and Inland Surface Parameters. • Ocean Colour

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