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The Bonds of Empire

The Bonds of Empire. US History East High School Mr. Peterson Fall 2010. Focus Questions. How did the Glorious Revolution shape relations between England and its North American colonies?

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The Bonds of Empire

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  1. The Bonds of Empire US History East High School Mr. Peterson Fall 2010

  2. Focus Questions • How did the Glorious Revolution shape relations between England and its North American colonies? • What factors contributed most significantly to the growth and prosperity of the British mainland colonies? • What factors explain the relative strengths of the British, French, and Spanish empires in North America? • What were the most significant results of the Enlightenment and Great Awakening in the British colonies?

  3. Rebellion and War, 1669-1713 p. 89

  4. Royal Centralization, 1660-1688 • Kings centralized power • Little use for representative government • Direct political control over colonies • Dominion of New England • Consolidated NE colonies into one unit • Tensions arise between colonies and Britain • Massachusetts hates Dominion

  5. The Glorious Revolution, 1688-1689 • Protestants Mary (James’ daughter) and husband William of Orange invade Britain • Catholic James overthrown, flees to France • English Bill of Rights-1689 • “limited monarchy” • Dominion abolished • King William III tries to control New England • Tolerance of other Protestants required • Demise of the New England Way

  6. A Generation of War, 1689-1713 • King William’s War • Extension of European War to North America • Invasion of New France • Queen Anne’s War • England and France (War of the Spanish Succession) • Spanish invade Carolina • Acadia captured by British, renamed Nova Scotia

  7. Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660-1750

  8. Mercantilist Empires in America • Mercantilism • Nation’s power measured in wealth, esp. gold • Maximize exports (exchange for gold) • Not rely on other nations • Colonies would provide raw materials • Home country manufactures goods, colonist markets • War , if necessary, to gain raw materials, expand markets, block rivals • Navigation Acts • Certain commodities must go through England • Molasses Act-taxed foreign molasses • Protective tariffs on foreign goods • Encouraged colonies to diversify economies

  9. Population Growth and Diversity • England held demographic edge • 250,000 in English colonies by 1700 • 15,000 French and 4,500 Spanish • 1,170,000 in English colonies by 1750 • 60,000 French and 19,000 Spanish • English had better farmland, weather, healthier economies • English accepted most Protestant groups, even non-English • Scots-Irish and Germans • Anti-Catholic sentiment remained high • Small Jewish communities developed

  10. Fig. 4-1, p. 96

  11. Rural White Men and Women • Farmers typically had just enough land for themselves • Adult children would rent other land • Farms were typically mortgaged • Not paid off until reaching late fifties • Wives and daughters did household and close-in work on farm • Married women, with few exceptions, did not own property • Widows owned 8-10% of all property

  12. p. 99

  13. Colonial Farmers and the Environment • Rapid expansion east of Appalachians • Trees had to be cleared • Game drove away • Didn’t rotate crops • Used manure, except with tobacco

  14. Map 4-1, p. 97

  15. The Urban Paradox • Cities key to prosperity • Only 4% of population by 1740 • Few significant cities: Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston • Poverty rose in cities • Women especially affected • Changing labor patterns • Move from apprentices and journeymen tradesmen to shorter term labor • Wealth concentrated in small number of families

  16. p. 99

  17. p. 101

  18. Slavery • Owners spent just enough to keep slaves alive • 40% of what was spent to maintain indentured servants • Some food provided, forage or raise other food • Creoles, American-born slaves • Some slaves learned trades or worked in houses • Task system allowed some slaves time to grow own crops and earn some money • Gang system-work from dawn to dusk, sometimes longer • Slaves could be rented out • Black majority in South Carolina • Restrictions on slaves

  19. African Origins ofSlaves Shipped by British 1692–1807

  20. Map 4-2, p. 98

  21. p. 98

  22. p. 102

  23. Stono Rebellion (1739) • Slave uprising in SC • Suppressed brutally • Strict slave codes enacted

  24. The Rise of Colonial Elites • Small number became very wealthy • Greater gentry • 2% of population • Owned 15% of all property • Lesser Gentry • Next 8% of population • Owned 25% of property • Imitated refinements of upper class in Europe • Some would go on grand tour to Europe

  25. 04CO, p. 86

  26. p. 105

  27. Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750 • French seek to strengthen hold in Mississippi Valley • New Orleans established in 1718 • Difficult life for all in Louisiana • France tries to counter British in Ohio Valley • French post of Detroit established • English would offer better prices for goods • French, in general, treated Indians better, but could be brutal • French traders went into Rocky Mountains • Bought buffalo hides and Indian slaves • Great Plains and Great Basin Indians adopt horse and gun

  28. p. 106

  29. Map 4-3, p. 110

  30. Native Americans and British Expansion • Depopulation and dislocation of natives • Conflict came early to Carolina • Tuscarora War (1711-1713) • Yamasee War (1715-1716) • Covenant Chain • Iroquois help English conquer other Indians • Iroquois become most powerful Indian group

  31. British Expansion in the South: Georgia • Gen. James Oglethorpe • Unique experiment • Military and philanthropic motives • Counter Spanish presence in Florida • Limited land holding • Excluded Africans initially • Excluded Catholics • Prohibited rum • Strictly regulated trade with natives • Poor tradesmen and artisans • England and Scotland • Religious refugees • Germany and Switzerland • Lowest percentage of English

  32. p. 108

  33. Congregation Mickve Israel Founded 1733 Statue of James Oglethorpe Savannah, Georgia

  34. Spain’s Borderlands • Spain controlled much of SE and SW by 1750 • Spread thin, sparsely populated • Depended on support of Natives Americans

  35. p. 109

  36. p. 110

  37. The Return of War, 1739-1748 • King George’s War (1740-1748) • War between Britain and Spain • War of the Austrian Succession in Europe • New Englanders attack New France

  38. p. 111

  39. Colonial Politics • Colonial assemblies a major force • Lower house elected by people • Upper house appointed by governor • Trial of Peter Zenger • Encouraged broad political participation and discussion

  40. p. 112

  41. The Enlightenment • Well educated population • Enlightenment combined human reason with skepticism • Benjamin Franklin • Embodied Enlightenment in America • Science and public benefit

  42. p. 114

  43. The Great Awakening • Surge of Protestant revivalism, beginning in 1739 • Jonathan Edwards • Congregationalist minister • “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” • George Whitefield • Revival tour • Unprecedented split in Protestantism • New Lights vs. Old Lights • New colleges formed • Added to prominence of women in religion

  44. p. 87

  45. p. 117

  46. p. 118

  47. The Bonds of Empire US History East High School Mr. Peterson Fall 2010

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