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Chapter 2: Rise of the Atlantic World 1400-1625

Chapter 2: Rise of the Atlantic World 1400-1625. Section 1. Focus Question: What forces were transforming West Africa before the advent of the Atlantic Slave Trade? How did European monarchs use commerce and religion to advance their nation’s fortunes? Big Picture:

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Chapter 2: Rise of the Atlantic World 1400-1625

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  1. Chapter 2: Rise of the Atlantic World 1400-1625

  2. Section 1 Focus Question: • What forces were transforming West Africa before the advent of the Atlantic Slave Trade? • How did European monarchs use commerce and religion to advance their nation’s fortunes? Big Picture: • Market W. Africa & W. Europe • Rise in Euro pop & power shift • Social, political, & religious problems.

  3. African & European Backgrounds WEST AFRICA • Empire of Mali • Trading- with the Middle East • Exports- Gold & slaves • Leaders & Kinship-tied clans together • Family Life • Children-workers and produced money • Farming-source of income, rotation • Religion-belief in the supernatural, reason for everything • Polytheistic-more than one god

  4. African & European Backgrounds:Europe • Renaissance Era “Rebirth” • Europe’s race to be # 1 • Gender, wealth, and inherited position • Kingdoms married to create alliances and power • Society Structure & Feudalism • Taxation from Catholic Church = 75% poor • Deforestation, overpopulation, & starvation • “Poor Laws” • Nuclear families mirror feudalism

  5. African & European Backgrounds:Europe • Business • “Just Price” • More traditional trading practice • “Joint Stock Companies” • Ex: VA Company or East India Company • Capitalism or “market economies” • New business idea: “Anything to make a profit”

  6. African & European Backgrounds:Religion • 1200-1500 European Christian led “crusades” on Muslims. • 1400’s Spanish Catholics led the Spanish Reconquest spreading Catholicism. • Most of Europe was controlled by the Catholic Church, including the King. • Strong beliefs led to fears of witchcraft • Followers paid “indulgences” to be forgiven of sin

  7. African & European Backgrounds:Religion • German Monk Martin Luther 1517 • Protested indulgences, church “corruption” • Began Protestant Reformation • 95 Theses • John Calvin & Calvinists • Predestination-God can only choose your fate, try to avoid sin • Denied God gave priests special powers • Wanted the Bible to be translated from Latin

  8. African & European Backgrounds:Religious Upheavals • Counter Reformation • Council of Trent 1545-Ordered by Pope to change church structure, ignore Protestants • Teresa of Avila & Ignatius Loyola (Jesuits) • England: Anglican France & Spain: Catholic

  9. African & European Backgrounds:Reformation in England 1533-1625 • Church of England-created after King Henry VIII requested divorce from Catherine of Aragon • Head of church, land, $, and broke alliance with Spain. • “Bloody Mary”-daughter killed Protestants • Elizabeth I-daughter allowed open religion • Calvinists: Puritans & Separatists • “No bishop, no king”

  10. The Three G’s GLORY GOD GOLD

  11. Section 2 Focus Question • What role did Columbian exchange play in the formation of the Atlantic world? Big Picture: • Rulers search for new trade • Religious leaders seek to convert • Slave trade & colonization

  12. Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600Portugal & the Atlantic 1400-1500 • Desire for wealth, power, & trade in Asia, Africa, & Americas • New technology & mapping • Arab sail, compass, cartographers • Prince Henry “the Navigator” • Paid sailors (Dias & de Gama) to sail around Africa to make new trading ties for gold and slaves • de Gama made trade connections in India

  13. Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600New Slavery & Racism • Slavery existed in Africa due to debt, prisoners of war, or gifts. • Eventually became apart of masters family or released • Europeans exchanged items for slave labor • Trading slaves to other tribes for gold • Portuguese introduced guns which fueled wars • “New Slavery”-slaves use for labor vs servants • 12 million traded, dehumanized, began basis for racism.

  14. Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600To American and Beyond, 1492-1522 • 1492-Columbus & Spain exploration of the West Indies (Cuba/Hispaniola) led others to race for Asia. • Treaty of Tordesillas-Spain (N) & Portugal (S) would split future discoveries in the Americas, blocking others. • England-John Cabot to Canada • France- Jacques Cartier to Nova Scotia • Italy-Amerigo Vespucci, “named” America • Spain-Ferdinand Magellan around S. America

  15. Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600To American and Beyond, 1492-1522 • Spain • Used slave labor or local Tainos to mine gold • Established Puerto Rico (Ponce de Leon), Jamaica, & Cuba • Converting Natives • Conquistadores • Cortez- “New Spain” or Mexico-Aztecs (25 mil killed) • Pizarro-Peru-Incas

  16. Europe & the Atlantic World 1400-1600Columbian Exchange • Linked Europe, Africa, & Americas • Diseases, food, & animals • Racial slavery • Colonization by Europeans • Small pox killed millions of Natives • New crops destroyed the soil • Sugar &tobacco • Cultures combined • Métis-Indian & Europeans • Mestizos-Indian & Spanish

  17. Section 3 Focus Question • How did European relations with Native Americans affect the success of early European colonizing efforts? Big Picture: • Europeans moved to Mexico, Caribbean, & Americas. • Colonization proved unrealistic • NA populations decreased

  18. Footholds in North America 1512-1625Spain • Exploration of “New Mexico” or Mexico & Florida • Ponce de Leon “La Florida” • Cabeza de Vaca—N. Mexico • de Soto—Florida to Appalachian • de Coronado—Mexico to Southwest • St. Augustine, FL—1565 1st Spanish fort • Used as missionary or “presidio” • Ecomiendas—giving Native slave labor to any Spaniard immigrating to the colony.

  19. Footholds in North America 1512-1625France • Giovanni de Verranzano—1524 • Look for a Northwest Passage to Pacific • Carolinas to Newfoundland • Jacques Cartier—1536 • Newfoundland, Quebec, & Nova Scotia • Calvinist Huegonots—1562 • Jacksonville, FL for religious freedom • Killed by Spanish • Fur trade & alliance with Huron & Algonquians. • Samuel de Champlain—1608 • “New France” or Quebec

  20. Footholds in North America 1512-1625England • Christian England vs Catholic Spain & France • Elizabeth I funded attacks on Spanish ships (Drake) • Spain gave Catholic Ireland money to fight England • Main objectives: NW Passage & gold • 1570’s—failure in California & Canada • 1584—Attempt in Roanoke, Virginia with Sir Walter Raleigh ended in “lost colony”

  21. Footholds in North America 1512-1625Virginia 1603-1625 • 1604—Truce with Spain, handing over VA • “Joint-stock” fund colonization • Maine to North Carolina • Jamestown, VA 1607—failure! • John Smith, military leader raided local Powhatans • NA hoped for alliance to avoid further conflicts • 1st Anglo-Powhatan War 1610 • Tobacco—major cash crop • Need for indentured servants (4-7 years service) • By 1622—VA; no money, low population, & no alliances.

  22. Footholds in North America 1512-1625New England • Thomas Weston, 1620 led 24 families on Mayflower to Plymouth, MASS • Mostly Separatist Puritans who left England, went to Netherlands • Gather furs & lumber for 7 years = own land • Mayflower Compact • Alliance with Squanto & Samoset • “New Netherland” 1609 • Settled along Hudson River, trading furs with Iroquois • Established Manhattan • Caused competition with French

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