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Enlightenment and Revolution. Ch. 18 All Sections. Europe gets ready to explore. In the 1400s and 1500s, countries in Europe began to explore the world. Many different conditions came together to further this exploration.
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Enlightenment and Revolution Ch. 18 All Sections
Europe gets ready to explore • In the 1400s and 1500s, countries in Europe began to explore the world. • Many different conditions came together to further this exploration. • Trade with Asia: Europeans began to want more goods from Asia. Spices and Silk went down the Silk Road, while Mongol invaders made those goods more expensive by adding taxes on them. • Other trade routes with Asia became blocked forcing atlernativeroutes to be explored. • Sea routes were preferred because of Europe’s proximity to the sea.
Europe gets ready to explore cont. • New Technology allowed more exploration. • The compass allowed direction to be determined • The Atrolab allowed lattitude to be determined • Triangular sails were improved allowing better navigation • A new type of rudder was invented • The Rise of Strong Nations • Many nations now had the money to explore • Spain, France, England, and Portugal all began to explore
THE EXPLORERS • Henry The Navigator • He was a Portuguese Prince • He set up a research center for explorers and sailors and mapmaker in southern Portugal • He began to map the African coastline • He encouraged exploration and funded many famous explorers • His knowledge of the African continent and its resources would lead to the slave trade. • The slave trade was begun by Africans selling warriors and cultures that had been conquered.
Explorers • Many other countries sent explorers into the unknown • Christopher Columbus: crossed the Atlantic and found the West Indies. • Ferdinand Magellan: although he died on the trip, his crew became the first to circumnavigate the world • Vasco de Gama: first European to sail around the coast of Africa to get to India • Henry Hudson: Explored the Canadian coast and Hudson Bay
Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Vasco de Gama Henry Hudson
Mercantilism • Mercantilism is the idea of countries gaining as much gold and silver as they can. • They do this by importing and exporting. • They want to export more than they import. • They also have to find sources for natural resources. • During the Age of Exploration, Africa and the New World were often the source of these resources • Countries would set up colonies in the new world and Africa to supply these resources
The Scientific Revolution • Following the Renaissance, many scientist began to put forth new theories regarding the planets and solar system, chemistry, biology, and the knowledge of the human body. • Often these ideas were counter to the teaching of the church. • Many early scientist were excommunicated because of their writings and research
Copernicus • Copernicus was a scientist , astronomer, and mathematician from Poland. • He developed a “sun-centric” model of the universe • In his model, the Earth, along with the other planets and the moon rotated around the sun in a circular manner.
Galileo • Galileo was an Italian scientist • He proved many theories from earlier scientist incorrect • He agreed with Copernicus, and improved many other inventions. • He invented many different instruments himself, such as the water thermometer. • He published his work and was quickly silenced by the pope and charged with heresy. • He recanted many of his ideas under pressure of excommunication.
Medicine and Chemistry • Most medical knowledge revolved around a Greek physician named Galen. • He believed that all people had 4 humors in them. • A person would become ill if any of the 4 humors got imbalanced • Black bile, yellow bile, blood, and water were the humors. • Galen was only able to dissect dogs at the time, because cutting open humans was forbidden • Beginning in the 1500’s , people began to research the human body more closely to determine its makeup. • We began to understand that blood flows through the body (Harvey) and that we have cells (Hook)
Rationalism • Thinkers began to revive ideas from the greek philosophers. • Descartes was a thinker who wrote “I Think, therefore I am.” • Scientific Method was improved and accepted thanks to scientist such as Bacon who believe reason could help science. • See the scientific method on pg 679.
The Enlightenment • A return to reason also led people to question their government and the way those governments operated. • People began to promote natural law. • This was the idea the the law applied to everyone and reason was its basis. • It greatly influenced thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke, who in turn influenced the formation of new governments.
The Enlightenment • Hobbes concluded that absolute monarchy was the best form of government. • He concluded that humans were violent and selfish by nature. • The only way a group of humans could co exist would be through the rule of a “Leviathan” or absolute power. • He wrote these ideas in the “Leviathan” • He believed that without this type of rule, human life would be “nasty, brutish, and short.”
