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Revolution and Enlightenment

Revolution and Enlightenment. Chapter 10 Section 1. Causes of the Scientific Revolution. Aristotle called the shots The Renaissance Scholars learned Latin and Greek Few began to question the old ways. New Technology and Mathematics. New problems required observation and measurement

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Revolution and Enlightenment

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  1. Revolution and Enlightenment Chapter 10 Section 1

  2. Causes of the Scientific Revolution • Aristotle called the shots • The Renaissance • Scholars learned Latin and Greek • Few began to question the old ways

  3. New Technology and Mathematics • New problems required observation and measurement • New instruments Telescope and microscope • New advancements in Math • Algebra • Geometry

  4. Scientific Breakthroughs

  5. The Ptolemaic System • Geocentric Theory • Earth was unmoving object at center of universe • Moon, sun, and planets move around earth • Beyond planets lay sphere of fixed stars • Heaven far beyond sphere

  6. How could you believe this? • Aristotle in 4th century B.C. • Ptolemy in 2nd century AD

  7. Christianity supported theory • God created Man • Man is most important creation • Man is at the center • To disagree is Blasphemy • Blasphemy is bad

  8. Heliocentric Theory • NicolausCopernicus • On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies • Stars, earth, and planets revolve around the Sun • Contradicted religious views • Feared ridicule and persecution • Didn’t publish findings until year before he died - 1543

  9. Johannes Kepler • Laws of Planetary Motion • Kepler’s First Law • Planetary orbits are elliptical • Sun at end of ellipse, not center

  10. Galileo Galilei • Used telescope to observe planets • The Starry Messenger • Destroyed idea of heavenly objects as orbs of light

  11. Problems with the Church • Catholic Church ordered Galileo to abandon his ideas • Threatened concept of the universe • Humans no longer center of universe • God no longer in specific place

  12. Galileo frightens Catholic and Protestant leaders • Publicly silent but continues working • 1632 –Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems • Showed Galileo supported Copernicus’ theory • Pope summoned him to Rome to stand trial

  13. 1633 – reads confession • Threatened w/torture • Agreed ideas of Copernicus were false • Lived under house arrest • Dies - 1642

  14. Newton’s View of the Universe • Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy – the Principia • Laws of Motion • Universal Law of Gravitation • World-Machine concept

  15. Law of Universal Gravitation • Every object in universe attracts every other object • Degree of attraction depends on mass and distance between them • What’s it mean?

  16. Breakthroughs in Medicine • Galen – Greek physician in A.D. 100s • Teachings dominated Middle Ages • Based on animal dissection • 16th Century scientists change ideas

  17. Medicine and the Human Body • Andreas Vesalius • Dissected human corpses • On the Fabric of the Human Body • Filled w/detailed drawings of organs, bones, and muscle

  18. William Harvey • On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in America • Heart acts as pump to circulate blood throughout the body

  19. Breakthroughs in Chemistry • Robert Boyle • First scientist to conduct controlled experiments in chemistry • Relationship between volume and pressure of gases • Antoine Levoisier • System for naming chemical elements • Founder of Modern Chemistry

  20. Contributions of Women • Scholarship was considered the domain of men • Women belong at home with the children

  21. Margaret Cavendish • Criticized belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature

  22. Women could be astronomers in Germany • Worked with fathers and husbands • Maria Winkelmann • Assisted her husband • Discovered her own comet • Denied astronomy post at Berlin Acadamy • They felt members would be appalled

  23. Philosophy and Reason • Rene Descartes • Inspired by Scientific Revolution • Doubt and uncertainty everywhere • Doubt inspired learning • Cannot doubt existence • “I think, therefore I am” • Mind cannot be doubted • Body and material world can be

  24. Mind cannot be doubted • Body and material world can be • Mind and matter are completely separate • Matter should be viewed as detached from the mind • Investigated by reason • What does this all mean? • Reason is chief source of knowledge

  25. Bacon and the Scientific Method • Scientists should not rely on ancient authority • Scientific Method • Step-by-step, repeatable process for collecting and analyzing data

  26. Developed by Francis Bacon • Believed in use of inductive reasoning • Specific to the general • Free of opinion • Start with facts and proceed to general principles • Goal was to advance human life with new discoveries • Science could benefit industry, agriculture and trade

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