Organic Chemistry: Study of Carbon-Based Molecules

1. Organic Chemistry:Study of carbon based molecules Bonding: Covalent (share valence e-) All Nonmetals Made of carbon,hydrogen and other nonmetals like sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen etc.

3. Carbon Atoms Form the “Backbone” Carbon has 4 valence and needs 4 more ALWAYS forms 4 bonds Bonds can be single, double or triple Due to variety and number of bonds carbon can form you can have an enormous number of combinations!

4. Properties of Organic Compounds Relatively Low MP(compared to ionic, metallic) MP depends on polarity of molecule & strength of IMF Many are Non-polar molecules: (Lowest MP) • Weak attractions (VanDerWaals /dispersion forces) • Larger NP molecules have higher MP than smaller Some are Polar molecules: (Slightly Higher MP) • Can have Dipole-dipole attractions or H-bonding • Molecules held together more • Stronger IMF

5. For nonpolars the more atoms in chain the higher the Boiling Point

6. Properties of Organic Compounds SOLUBILITY: Depends on polarity of molecule (Many org. compounds are nonpolar, like oils & lipids.) Polar molecules:Assymmetry = polar soluble in polar solvents like water Nonpolar molecules:Symmetry = nonpolar soluble in nonpolar solvents like hexane Polar compound will dissolve in water Nonpolar compound

7. Properties of Organic Compounds Conductivity in Solution Organic Molecules DO NOT ionize in solution Therefore, they don’t conduct in solution and are NONELECTROLYTES Important Exception:ORGANIC ACIDS Ex: CH3COOH

8. Properties of Organic Compounds Undergo combustion or burn readily Complete and balance this combustion reaction C3H8 + O2 → ____ + ______

9. Properties of Organic Compounds Have slow rates of reaction • Due to complexity of bonds • Often catalyst is neededto speed up reactions • React more slowly than ionics Tend to breakdown or decompose at low temperatures Compared to other compounds

10. Formula Writing & Drawing Molecules Types of Formulas • Molecular Ex: • Empirical Ex: • Structural Ex: • Condensed Structural Ex

12. Organic Prefixes (Table P) Indicate how many carbon atoms are in the entire molecule. You will only see molecules with a max of 10 carbons.

13. Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons (Table Q) Each member of the series differs by one carbon and a certain # of hydrogen

14. Alkanes General Formula: CnH2n+2 • Single bonds between carbon atoms • Name ends in “ane” • SATURATED hydrocarbons (holding as many hydrogen atoms as possible)

16. Alkenes General Formula: CnH2n • One double carbon to carbon bond • *Address needed for bond location • Name ends in “ene” • UNSATURATED hydrocarbons (not totally filled with hydrogen)

17. Unsaturated = it isn’t “saturated” with hydrogen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sfm3eHe57PU

18. Alkynes General Formula: CnH2n-2 • One triple carbon to carbon bond • *Address needed for bond location • Name ends in “yne” • UNSATURATED hydrocarbons (not totally filled with hydrogen)

20. What is molecular formula for these compounds? _____________ _____________ _____________ Note how it matches general formula CnH2n-2

21. dienes, diynes etc… • Have multiple double or triple bonds. • Give the address for each multiple bond. • End of name becomes “-diene…or –triene” • Use prefix “di/tri/tetra/penta” etc…if more than one of the same thing on the chain. Name of Diene: ___________________

22. Branching Hydrocarbons • Have hydrocarbon “branches” off the main carbon chain. • Called “alkyl” groups Name of Branched Hydrocarbon: ______________________

23. Naming Branched Hydrocarbons • Find longest continuous carbon chain and name it(parent chain) • Find address of each branch • Count carbons in each branch • Name branches using prefix ending in “yl” • Ex: 2 carbon branch would be an “ethyl” branch. Note: If more than one of the same type of branch use “di”, “tri”, “tetra” etc…instead of repeating the name

24. Name of compound: ___________________ Name : ___________________ Name: ______________________ Remember: First find the longest carbon chain and name it!!

25. What are the names of these compounds? Hint: find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms and name it.

27. Isomers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgzFok_BA_0 • Same molecular formulas, but different structural formulas. • Atoms in molecule have a different arrangement. • The more atoms the larger # possible isomers The more carbon atoms, the more possible arrangements of atoms! http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/organic/isomersofalkanes.htm

28. 2 isomers with same molecular formula. Molecular Formula: _________ Can you draw another isomer below with the same molecular formula?

29. Cyclical Hydrocarbons • Form rings • Start with “cyclo-” Shows skeleton of molecule only as a type of shorthand http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/organic/orgonaming7.htm

30. Benzene Series Benzene Series: CnH2n-6 6 carbon ring with alternating double bonds. Electrons in double bonds “resonate” between bond sites giving more strength to all the bonds Branches and functional groups are often attached to the ring http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/organic/orgonaming4.htm

31. Ortho/Meta/Para locations

33. Organic Functional GroupsReference Table R

34. Halides • Contain one or more halogen atoms. • Fluoro / chloro / bromo / iodo prefix • Use address • Use di, tri, tetra if more than one of same

35. Name of this compound: ________________________

36. Alcohols • Have one or more “Hydroxyl” groups (-OH) • Use address • Name ends in “-ol” • If more than one (–OH), name ends in “diol”, or “triol” • Important Example: Glycerol or 1, 2, 3 propantriol Draw a Picture of Glycerol:

37. Examples of Alcohols

38. Types of Alcohols • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/organic/alcohols.htm

39. Aldehydes • Carbon double bonded to oxygen at end of a carbon chain (“carbonyl” group) • ADDRESS NOT NEEDED (always at end!) • End in “–al” Note: no address needed for functional group! http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/organic/Aldehydes.htm

40. Ketones • Carbon double bonded to oxygen in middle of a carbon chain (“carbonyl” group) • Use address • End in “-one”

41. Note the basic difference between ketone and aldehydes Name this ketone: ____________________________

42. Ethers • Oxygen atom within carbon chain • Count carbon atoms on either side of oxygen and name them like “alkyl” branches. • “Butterflies” with belly buttons

43. Name of Ether: ___________________ Name of Ether: ___________________

45. Organic Acids • At the end of the carbon chain is a “carboxyl” group containing two oxygen atoms. • ADDRESS NOT NEEDED (always at end!) • End in “-oic acid” • Has an acidic hydrogen that ionizes so these are ELECTROLYTES

46. Name of Organic Acid: _______________________ Name of Organic Acid: _______________________ Name of Organic Acid: _______________________

47. Esters • Within the chain, there is an oxygen atom that is next to a carbon double bonded to oxygen Name both sides around the oxygen atom • Side with carbon “Alkyl” branch, ends in “yl” • Side with the double bonded oxygen ends in “oate”

48. Name of Ester: _________________

49. Amines • Have an “amine” group containing nitrogen. • Use address • Ends in “-amine” • Important Example: • Amino Acid • Draw basic Amino Acid Name of Amine: ______________________