Counter-Reformation and the Scientific Revolution

1. Counter-Reformation and the Scientific Revolution How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation? What were the main ideas and accomplishments of the Scientific Revolution?

2. Counter-Reformation • Also known as the Catholic Reformation, this was the changes made to the Catholic Church from within (Pope Paul III) • Hoped to stop people from converting and leaving the Catholic Church • Wanted to revive the morality of the Church • Appointed reformers to end corruption within the leadership • Called the Council of Trent in 1545 that met on and off for 20 years • In the end, some converts re-converted and became Catholic again, but Europe remained split

3. Council of Trent • Reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs • Salvation comes through faith AND good works • The Bible is NOT the only source of religious truth (the Pope could also provide this) • Put high penalties on members of church clergy that showed worldliness and corruption • Created schools for the clergy to challenge Protestantism • Jesuits: group of disciplined men highly trained in Catholic beliefs that went throughout Protestant lands to strengthen and spread Catholicism • Strengthened the Inquisition to stop the spread of Protestantism, including stopping the writings of Luther and Calvin

5. Persecution in Europe • If you were Protestant in a Catholic area or Catholic in a Protestant are, you faced persecution • Witch hunts broke out between 1450 and 1750…tens of THOUSANDS of people were killed if they seemed suspicious • When Jews didn’t convert, Martin Luther called for them to be expelled from Christian lands and their synagogues burned… • the Catholic leadership was more tolerant in Europe, but Jews weren’t allowed in Spanish territories and American colonies. • After Henry VIII’s heir (Edward) died, Edward’s half-sister, Mary Tudor, took over in England and switched them back to being Catholic…and burned hundreds of people at the stake for being Protestant • (the next queen, Elizabeth, moved things back and England was Protestant again)

6. Mary Tudor

7. Scientific Revolution • A new way of thinking about the physical universe • Belief that mathematical laws govern nature and the universe • Therefore, the physical world could be known, managed, and shaped by people • Scientific Method • Approach to science based on observation and experimentation • Required that scientists collect and analyze data to try to prove or disprove a hypothesis, or logical explanation

9. New Ideas • 1543: Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the universe was heliocentric, or sun-centered • Would mean that the Earth (and therefore humans) was NOT at the center of the universe • Would mean that Ptolemy (on whose ideas a lot of knowledge was based) was wrong about something • Tycho Brahe (late 1500s) and Johannes Kepler both supported Copernicus’ ideas with scientific data • 1633: Galileo proposed that Earth must revolve around the sun much like Jupiter’s moons revolve around it • He was tried for heresy by the Inquisition • Agreed to state publicly that he was wrong to keep his life • Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes both worked to prove things through the scientific method and reasoning rather than first having their ideas fit with the Church’s teachings • “ I think, therefore I am” - Descartes • Anatomy: New improvements were made in medicine (like artificial limbs and figuring out how the heart pumps) by studying the human body • Chemistry: Robert Boyle figured out that all matter was made of tiny particles that behaved in predictable ways; worked also with laws of gases and the effect of temperature • 1687: Isaac Newton published his book explaining the laws of gravity and motion, many of which we still use today

10. Copernicus

11. Galileo

12. Rene Descartes

13. Isaac Newton