The Cold War 1945-1952

1. The Cold War1945-1952 AP U.S. History

2. The Cold War Issues • Bipolar World • Fear of communism • Heightened nationalism • Loss of civil liberties

3. Global Insecurity-U.S. • U.S. prospered from WWII. • France and Great Britain are devastated. • Duty of U.S. to establish the principles of world order. • Need to make $14B in exports to support growth. • Establish World Bank and International Monetary Fund (1944) to help rebuild Europe and help Asia, Africa and Latin America. • U.S. gave $7B to each the World Bank and IMF. • Reward countries that open themselves to U.S. investment.

4. Global Insecurity-U.S.S.R. • Views U.S. economic policy as an aggressive means to destroy communism. • Refuse to join IMF or World Bank. • Capitalist tools. • Isolates itself economically and cuts off themselves from aid.

5. United Nations (1944) • Collective security. • Mediates disputes among members, hold back aggressors and use military force if necessary. • Security Council has all of the power. • 5 Permanent members: US, GB, USSR, China, and France. • 6 Temporary members elected for two year terms.

6. United Nations • Western nations control admission of new members. • Polarization between east and west makes negotiations impossible. • Most success • Relief and aid to those in the war torn countries (medical supplies, food and clothing). • High point: Trying Nazi’s at the Nuremberg Trials. • UN lacks the power to enforce ideals on human rights and conduct of war.

7. Division in Europe • Germany is divided into 4 occupation zones (French, USSR, U.S. and GB). • No consensus on Germany’s fate. • France and USSR agree to keep it divided with heavy reparations. • GB and US use it as a strong market for their goods. • West Germany • Capitalism, & amnesty for the Nazi elite who owned large businesses. • East Germany • Soviets looted industry equipment. • Impose harsh discipline on inhabitants. • Churchill (1946) proclaims that an iron curtain has descended across the continent.

8. Containment-Political Plan • “The USSR will no longer be babied. If they don’t like it they can go to hell.” -Truman • Truman Doctrine: Main goal is to exhaust communist resources. Maintain U.S. military superiority, prevent communism from spreading outside the USSR. • “CONTAIN COMMUNISM”!!! • Unite diplomatic, militaristic, and economic strategies to turn back communism and establish U.S. as THE supreme world power.

9. Marshall Plan-Economic Plan • European Recovery Program. • Reduce hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos and restore confidence of the European people in their future. • 17 countries receive $13B in aid. • Opens them as markets to U.S. • Sign GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs). • Industrial production rises 200% in these regions. • U.S. will not help communist nations • USSR denounces rebuilding Germany as an anti Soviet Block.

10. Divided Berlin

11. Berlin Air Lift • Soviet put up blockade around West Berlin • Controlled by U.S., G.B., France but in heart of Soviet Germany • No person or supplies gets in or out • U.S. delivered 2 million tons of supplies to West Berliners • Stalin lifts blockade in May 1949 • Plan to control West Berlin failed

12. NATO-Military Plan • Berlin Crisis leads to development of U.S. led military alliance. • 120 European nations, Canada and the U.S. • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Mutual defense pact. • 1955: Extend membership to rearmed West Germany. • Soviet Union establishes Warsaw Pact and has East Germany join.

13. Divided Europe

14. Cold War in Asia • Rebuild Japan: • Greatest success. Land improvement, unions, temporary government, women’s suffrage, abolition of contract marriages, and constitutional democracy. • 1952: Granted sovereignty in return for military bases to place our missiles close to Soviets. • Ban trade between Japanese and USSR and later Communist China (Peoples Republic of China). • Smaller victor in Philippines. • Philippines formal independence in 1946 but maintained influence.

15. Cold War in Asia • China • Not successful. • 1949 become communist. • Mao takes over from our puppet Chiang Kai-Shekand he retreats to Taiwan. • Truman is blamed for losing China. • Stalin and Mao sign formal Alliance in 1950. • Communism dominates foreign policy for 35 years.

16. Atomic Diplomacy • Containment depends upon atomic monopoly. • U.S. stockpiles and test weapons on Bikini Island is Pacific. • 66 bombs (108M tons of TNT) 1946-1958. • August, 1949, USSR successfully test atomic bomb. • Hydrogen: 1,000x more powerful than Fat Man or Little Boy.

19. Truman’s Presidency • “Give’em Hell Harry” fierce fighter to challengers • 1945-46: Inflation, high consumerism, retail prices and profits skyrocket. • Veto price controls. • Popularity at 32%. • 1951 Republicans amend constitution to add term limits for president (#22). • Congress goes against labor organizations pass Taft-Hartley Act in 1947. • Limiting union’s control on businesses • Truman vetoes and congress overrides.

20. 1948 Election Democrats • Truman endorses desegregation of forces and bans discrimination in civil service. • Southern democrats leave national convention. Progressives • Henry Wallace. Accused of being pro communist. • First of the red-baiting. Republicans • NY governor Dewey. Berlin airlift buoys Truman’s popularity. Democrats win back the majority in both houses and Truman wins.

21. The Election of 1948

22. “Fair Deal” Truman’s domestic agenda. • National Housing Act of 1949: Low income housing. • Min. wage: 75 cents/hour. • Expands Social Security. • Additional 10 million people • Tries to weaken southern segregation • Outlaw poll tax, lynching a federal crime, & prohibits discrimination in transportation. • All are defeated by southern states.

23. Cold War at Home • Attorney General: J. Edgar Hoover (FBI): 100,000 communists in the nation (1946). • Deep seeded plot to capture nation. • Develops list of rebellious organizations. • 500 government workers fired and 6,000 resign because of loyalty oaths. • Senator Joseph McCarthy (1950) a list of government employees that are communists. • McCarran-Immigration and Nationality Act (1952), Internal Security Act. • Deemed people rebellious or homosexual from becoming citizens of the U.S. • Allows US citizens to be deported if they are found to be communists.

24. National Security State • Cold War: Excuse to reorder government on massive scale. • Only a powerful leader could combat communism. • Truman receives wartime authority. • Pre-WWII 900,000 people work for government. • Post-WWII 4M people • 75% are engaged in security agencies. • Pentagon-1943 with 35,000 employee’s. • National Security Act (1947) established the DOD (department of defense) and NSC (National Security Council).

25. Number of Employees in the Executive Branch, 1901–1995

26. Red Scare in Hollywood • Hollywood is the greatest source of revenue for communists (1944). • Suspected communist infiltration of the film industry. • HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee:1945) investigates. • Power to subpoena (compel them to answer questions) or face fines/jail . • Hollywood announces no one will work for them who does not denounce communism. • Create a black list of uncooperative actors. • Lasted until 1960. • Limit production of films with social and political issues. • exaggerated the communist threat in movies.

27. McCarthyism Chairman of HUAC (House Un-American Committee). • Target African Americans, Jewish and homosexuals (powerless). • “Better Dead than Red”. • Worked with McCarran, J. Edgar Hoover, and Nixon. • Compare communists to Satan. • Fed off of the anxiety of the period. • McCarthy targeted high level military officers • No proof , and on TV acted “possessed” • U.S. had 50% of the worlds wealth and 3.6% of the population. • Fear economic backslide and war. • Truman says WWIII is around the corner.

28. Spy Cases • Whittaker Chambers • Confesses to spying for the Russians in the 1930’s. • Named Alger Hiss, a FDR State Department appointee. • Reveals microfilm found on his farm in the pumpkin patch which he claimed Hiss had given him. • Nixon’s rise to power. • Supported anti Hiss movement, gaining popularity

29. Spy Cases • Rosenberg’s • Julius: government engineer. • He and wife Ethel are accused of delivering atomic bomb secrets to the USSR. • Found guilty in 1951. • Ethel’s brother who cut a deal with the FBI to get his sentence reduced. • FBI wanted Ethel to use her as a hostage against her husband to get him to confess. • Only ones who did not confess. • Executed on June 19, 1953 (wedding anniversary). • Electric chair

30. Two Income Family • Women leave the factories after WWII • Quickly welcomed back in markets. • Most in clerical work. • 86% of society does not like them working. • Hoover: They should fight crime and communism by staying home with their children. • Fertility Rate • 1933: 74 per 1,000 women. • 1943: 109 per 1,000. • 1963: 118 per 1,000. • “Baby boom” 1943-1964.

31. U.S. Birth Rate, 1930–1980

32. Korea, “The Sour Little War” • June 25, 1950: North Korea (communist) attacks South Korea. • Divided along 38th parallel after 1945. • Regarded as a civil war. • Because of loss of China to communism, Truman has to act. • 2/3’ of Americans approve. • UN approves, USSR boycotted UN . • Fight back to the 38th & decide to take whole country. • China does not like it and they join in to protect status quo. • Political suicide for Truman. • 1.8 million Americans serve. • 54,000 die. • N.K. and China lost over 2 million. • Sent troops without congressional authority • NSC 68: Excuse for expanding the military. • National Security council document stating that not only contain but psu back communism • Election of 1952: Truman does not seek another term.

33. The Korean War

34. The Korean War

35. Election of 1952 • Democrat: Adalai Stevenson • Offers no solutions to political problems. • “Adalai the appeaser.” • McCarthy accuses him of being a communist. • Republicans: General Dwight Eisenhower. • VP is Nixon. • Does all of the attacking. • Win 55% of vote and 39 states.