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The Reconstruction Era 1865 - 1877

The Reconstruction Era 1865 - 1877 . Chapter 15. Key Questions. 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union?. 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?. 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war?.

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The Reconstruction Era 1865 - 1877

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  1. The Reconstruction Era 1865 - 1877 Chapter 15

  2. Key Questions 1. How do webring the Southback into the Union? 4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction? 2. How do we rebuild the South after itsdestruction during the war? 3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

  3. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

  4. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865): major federal relief agency – lacked support from Congress. • gave out clothing, medical supplies, meals to blacks & whites • Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. • Less than 1,000 agents • 3,000 schools built, took over army hospitals • aid to poor, settled disputes between blacks & whites • LAND! Essential to black freedom  Johnson gave it back to whites

  5. Freedmen’s Bureau School

  6. The South’s View Problems • Lost 1/5 of population • Total destruction (no animals, crops, or buildings) • No wealth (was in bonds & slaves) • Could not accept emancipation - supremacy is an entitlement - intolerant of black equality

  7. Presidential Reconstruction

  8. President Andrew Johnson • Jacksonian Democrat. • Anti-Aristocrat. • White Supremacist. • Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

  9. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) • Pardoned with an oath of allegiance = return of property and political rights • In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. • Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. EFFECTS) 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

  10. Growing Northern Alarm! • Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. • Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

  11. Black Codes: laws that restricted freedmen’s (free blacks) rights * Curfews * Vagrancy (not working) – fined, whipped, sold for 1 yr. * Labor Contracts – must sign in January for 1 yr * Women – forced to work on farms * Land restrictions – could only rent land/homes in rural areas (plantations)

  12. Johnson Vetos • Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates. • Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. • February, 1866  President vetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill • March, 1866  Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act: citizen if one is born in the U.S., protected property & contracts, allowed lawsuits • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!

  13. 14th Amendment: all people born in the U.S. are citizens; states can’t infringe on citizen’s rights without DUE PROCESS of the law; EQUAL PROTECTION for all citizens under the law Civil Rights: personal liberties guaranteed by law (like voting, equality)

  14. The Balance of Power in Congress

  15. Radical Reconstruction Plan

  16. Reconstruction Act of 1867: Radical Republican Plan 1. South divided into 5 military districts 2. New elections, new state constitution 3. Must allow all qualified male voters to vote 4. Temporarily banned Confederacy-supporters from voting 5. Must guarantee equal rights to citizens 6. Must ratify the 14th amendment • Tenure of Office Act: Pres must get consent of Senate to fire cabinet • Impeach: to accuse of wrongdoing in office; called by the House, tried by the Senate, presided over by Supreme Court • 1868 Republicans win Presidency with Grant by “waving the bloody shirt”

  17. 15th Amendment (1869): no citizen can be denied right to vote on the account of color, race, or previous condition of servitude  effect: 1870 election swept by Republicans – whites didn’t vote  600 blacks elected to state legislatures  Mississippi elected black Senator – Blanche Bruce, former slave

  18. Political Participation in the South

  19. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

  20. 11 week trial • 1 vote shy of the 2/3 needed • to convict

  21. Carpetbaggers: Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South Scalawag: Southern white Republicans, seen as traitors

  22. Colored Rulein the South?

  23. Sharecropping: farm portion of planters land, payment was a portion of the crop (1/3 to ½), planter provided housing  close supervision, harsh punishment, eviction, some charged for housing, debt

  24. Tenant Farming: paid to rent land, chose what to plant & when to work  effects: emphasis on cash crops, cycle of debt, more merchants

  25. Ku Klux Klan: 1866, TN social club, violent backlash to radical reconstruction  terrorist organization - goal: defend social & political superiority of whites - dragged from homes, harassed, tortured, kidnapped, murdered - white victims too

  26. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

  27. 1868 Presidential Election

  28. Grant’s Anti-Klan Laws, 1870 Enforcement Act of 1870: banned use of terror, force, bribery to prevent voting • Some laws gave military protection to voters or banned KKK completely

  29. Reconstruction Ends Why? Voters are weary of Republicans (1) Reconstruction taxes were high (2) Symbolic of corruption, greed, poor govt (3) Military withdrew (4) White dominated govt prevented black voting (5) N voters didn’t support Rep view of racial equality (6) Economic recession in 1873  Leads to the Solid South: white Democratic voters, reversed Reconstruction policies

  30. Compromise of 1877: Dem agreed to give Rep Hayes the Presidential victory (Dem Tilden got popular vote, no majority in electoral college) if he removed all federal troops from the south

  31. 1876 Presidential Tickets

  32. 1876 Presidential Election

  33. Did Reconstruction Work? Successes • Rebuilt Union, repaired South • Economic growth in S • 14th, 15th amendments • Helped blacks with jobs, housing, education • S adopted mandatory • public edu Failures • cycle of black poverty • lacked econ opportunity & political power • racism • KKK flourished • bitterness toward fed govt • slow to industrialize

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