Plant Vocabulary

1. Plant Vocabulary Define 1. Photosynthesis 2. Eukaryotic 3. Monocot 4. Dicot 5. Cotyledon 6. Roots 7. Stems 8. Leaves 9. Xylem 10. Phloem 11. Capillary action 12. Meristem 13. Apical meristem 14. Vascular Cambium 15. Gymnosperm 16. Angiosperm 17. Female cone 18. Male cone 19. Stamen 20. Carpel 21. Sepal 22. Petal 23. Stigma 24. Style 25. Ovary 26. Filament 27. Anther 28. Pollinator 29. Seed coat 30. Fruits

2. Plants What makes a plant a plant? Plants are Eukaryotic. Plants have cell walls. Plants make their own energy through photosynthesis What other characteristics can you recall?

3. What plants need to survive 1. Sunlight 2. Water 3. CO2 & Oxygen 4. Nutrient and water movement

4. Plant Distribution

5. Types of plants • Seedless Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes): - lack tissue to move water and sap throughout the plant - small, short plants that most live in moist environment (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)

6. Types of plants (cont’d) II. Vascular Plants (3 Subdivisions): 1. Seedless Vascular (ferns, horsetails, clubmosses) - sperm travels in water to reach egg 2. Two Seed Bearing Vascular -Gymnosperms (Naked Seeds) (Conifers, cycads, ginkos) - Male cones release pollen in the spring, which is spread by the wind - Female cones release sticky fluid to capture pollen - Overtime, pollen burrows into female cone’s ovule to reach & fertilize egg - Eventually cone falls and turns into conifer tree

7. Gymnosperm Reproduction Gymnosperms have both male and female cones Male cones – usually found at the highest parts of the tree. Contain pollen that is carried by wind to female cones Female cones – usually found lower on the tree than male cones. Will open to take in pollen then close tightly for germination, then open again to release the seeds

8. Types of plants (cont’d) -Angiosperms (Flowering plants, grasses, deciduous trees) - Angiosperms are seperated into 2 categories Monocotyledons (seeds which create 1 leaf when sprouting & Dicotyledons (seeds which create 2 leaves when sprouting) - Flower grows to attract pollinators & house the ovule with eggs inside as well as holding sperm that will release pollen - Once eggs are fertilized the ovule becomes fruit which protects the seeds

9. Flowering Plants Two different Types: Monocots and Dicots 1. Monocot Characteristics Single Cotyledon – a seed that creates a single leaf at sprouting Leaves with parallel veins Flower parts in multiples of three (3) Vascular tissue throughout the stem Fiberous root system Monocots are usually “grassy” plants Examples : Corn, Bamboo, Sugar Cane, and grass.

10. 2. Dicot Characteristics Two cotyledons Leaves with branched veins Flower parts in multiples of four (4) or five (5) Vascular tissue in a ring in the stem Tap root systems Dicots are usually non-grassy with branching stems which may be woody Examples : Most trees, roses, daisies,

11. Comparative Characteristics.

12. What are fruits? In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds. Edible fruits, in particular, have propagated with the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship as a means for seed dispersal and nutrition; in fact, humans and many animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food

13. Epiphytes and Legumes *An epiphyte is a plant that grows harmlessly upon another plant (such as a tree) and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it. Epiphytes differ from parasites in that epiphytes grow on other plants for physical support and do not necessarily negatively affect the host. *Legumes are plants that bear their fruit in pods, which are casings with two halves, or hinges. Legumes are a very healthy food because it is low in fat and high in protein.  Legumes are also very high in fiber and other nutrients.

14. Plant Type Questions • What is a gymnosperm? Angiosperm? • Define Xylem and Phloem. • Differentiate nonvascular and vascular plant. • Why most nonvascular plants live so close to water?

16. Roots, Stems, and Leaves Seed plants generally have three structures Roots - a system for absorbing dissolved nutrients and water, and anchoring. Stems - a structure used to support the body of the plant, and store sugar. Leaves - the main photosynthetic region of the plant.

17. How does a plant get water and nutrients around in the plant? Xylem Tissue - cells that make hollow tubes that are water-proof and allow water to rise in a plant (capillary action) Phloem Tissue - cells that form tubes that allow foods and minerals to move in the plant

18. Xylem Phloem

19. How do plants grow? Meristematic Tissue - tissue that allows the plant to grow up, down, or out. Apical Meristem Root tip - the meristematic tissue that allows growth at the tips of the root and the tips of the branch Bundles in a non-woody plant Vascular Cambium • meristematic tissue in the outer layer of the stem/trunk that allows growth outward (thicker)

20. ALTERNATION OF GENERATION A plant alternates between a diploid stage (asexual) and a haploid stage (double fertilization)

21. Angiosperm Flower Parts (Complete flower) Complete flowers have four parts. • Stamen – male part anther and filament 2. Carpel (pistil) –female part stigma, style and ovary 3. Sepals – protection for flower during development 4. Petals – protection for flower as well as attracting pollinators

22. Creation of a seed 1. When a pollen grain reaches the stigma, it sticks and begins to makes its way down the Style. 3. When it reaches the Ovule, it fertilizes the eggs. 2. As the pollen continues down the style makes its way to the ovary. Double Fertilization: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUjVHUf4d1I