Analyze the impact Franklin D. Roosevelt had on the American people after becoming President.

1. Objectives • Analyze the impact Franklin D. Roosevelt had on the American people after becoming President. • Describe the programs that were part of the first New Deal and their immediate impact. • Identify critical responses to the New Deal.

2. Terms and People • Franklin D. Roosevelt – American President elected at the height of the Great Depression • Eleanor Roosevelt – FDR’s wife and First Lady; known for heractive role in the administration • New Deal – programs and legislation enacted by FDR during the Great Depression to promote economic recovery • fireside chat – informal radio broadcast in which FDR communicated with the American people • FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; government agency that insures bank deposits

3. Terms and People(continued) • TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority; government agency that built dams in the Tennessee River valley to control floods and generate electric power • CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps; government program that provided young men with jobs on environmental conservation projects • NRA – National Recovery Administration; government agency that developed codes of fair competition in industry, including minimum wages and prices

4. Terms and People(continued) • PWA – Public Works Administration; government agency that improved the nation’s infrastructure and created millions of jobs • Charles Coughlin – Roman Catholic priest who accused FDR of not doing enough to end the depression • Huey Long – Louisiana Senator and New Deal critic

5. How did the New Deal attempt to address the problems of the depression? As poverty and homelessness gripped the country, many Americans wondered if the nation could survive the crisis. They hoped a new leader could bring back prosperity—and their faith in democracy.

6. In 1932, President Hoover ran for reelection. But he had little chance of winning. • Unemployment stood at 25%. • Bank failures had wiped out savings. • The hungry waited for food at soup kitchens. Americans were ready for a change.

7. Hoover’s opponent in the 1932 election was Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. • Harvard graduate • New York State senator • Assistant Secretary of the Navy • 1920 Nominee for Vice President • Polio survivor • Governor of New York • Pragmatic liberal/progressive

8. A New Leader: A New Deal This 1933 political cartoon captures the different appearances of Hoover and Roosevelt. FDR’s ebullient personality contrasted with Hoover’s dour countenance.

9. The two candidates offered very different approaches to the problems of the Great Depression. Hoover Roosevelt State and local governments and private agencies should provide relief. Leadership should come from the federal government. Roosevelt won in a landslide.

10. Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt? How was he different from Hoover? • Roosevelt was a pragmatic liberal.  • A pragmatist is one who is concerned with actual practice, not theory. A pragmatic person is one who is willing to experiment with new ideas. A pragmatist is flexible, adaptable and open to change. They are willing to admit mistakes and move on.

11. How was Roosevelt different from Hoover? • As a 20th century liberal, FDR shared the progressive idea that activist government is necessary in a modern industrial and urban economy. He believed that the regulation of business and industry is necessary to protect the common people from the abuses of big business. (Hamiltonian means to achieve Jeffersonian ends) He also believed that a social safety net is necessary for those unable to provide for themselves. Finally, only a democratically elected government could protect the public welfare against the ravages of greed and industrial capitalism.

12. FDR • Roosevelt was no radical; like Hoover he favored the American capitalist system. But, not being an ideologue, Roosevelt understood that capitalism had its faults and that without reforms, desperate Americans might turn to socialism. • While FDR did not like deficits or big government, he saw both as necessary evils in time of crisis. Once the emergency passed, FDR hoped to reduce and eliminate both.

13. Roosevelt the Pragmatic Liberal

15. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal

16. What was the main difference between FDR and Hoover? • Roosevelt rejected Hoover’s conservative view that government only interfered with freedom (individual liberty). He also understood that rugged individualism did not apply to millions unable to find work or work that paid adequately. • FDR’s definition of freedom was that economic freedom – the ability to provide for one’s self and family – was just as vital as personal or political freedom. Poverty was a form of economic slavery and government had a duty to help lift people out of this status so they could actually enjoy freedom.

17. What was the New Deal? How did it reflect Roosevelt’s philosophy? • Roosevelt’s New Deal was a series of measures designed to provide relief to the jobless, recovery to the economy, and reform of the capitalist system so that there would never be another depression and no citizen would ever again be hungry or unable to retire in dignity. • The New Deal reflected Roosevelt’s pragmatic liberalism/progressivism because it showed that he believed in using the power of government to help people do what they could not do on their own. He was also willing to try new things and discard them if they did not work.

18. The 3 R’s of the 1st New Deal Relief (for the needy), Recovery (for the economy), and Reform (of the nation’s financial system and lack of safety net) Ex. Relief: Federal Emergency Relief Administration provided grants to states for direct relief (money, food) to the needy Recovery: National Industrial Recovery Act encouraged cooperation among businesses in establishing production and labor practices. (also, AAA, TVA,) Reform: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation set up an insurance program to guarantee bank deposits up to $2,500. (also SEC, FDIC, NLRA, FLSA) Social Security to provide old age pensions.

19. Together with his “Brain Trust,” Roosevelt moved quickly to carry out his promise of giving Americans a New Deal. During his first 100 days in office, 15 bills were passed. First New Deal The legislation had three goals: relief, recovery, and reform.

20. Roosevelt began with the bank crisis. FDR declared a four-day bank holiday, closing the banks so they could get their accounts in order. He rushed money to prop up struggling banks. In the first of many fireside chats, FDR explained that his actions were to halt bank failures. When the banks reopened, there were no more runs on the banks.

21. FDR took other steps to reform the financial system. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Insured bank deposits Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC) Regulated the stock market Such measures helped restore confidence in the economy.

22. Roosevelt then turned to a series of New Deal programs to bring relief to the country. Some programs helped farmers and those in the rural South. • The AAA sought to end overproduction and raise crop prices. • The TVA built dams to control floods and generate electricity.

23. Many programs focused on job relief.

24. The CCC

25. Young African Americans in the CCC

26. The Public Works Administration (PWA)created millions of jobs. Workers built bridges, dams, power plants, and government buildings. These projects improved the nation’s infrastructure.

27. Roosevelt also took steps to speed economic recovery. • Established codes of fair competition • Set minimum wages for workers and minimum prices for goods National Recovery Administration (NRA)

30. Not everyone, however, supported the New Deal. Conservatives charged that it was making the government too powerful. Such critics formed the American Liberty League. • Destroying free enterprise; • leading to socialism • Undermining individualism and self-reliance

31. Some argued that the New Deal did not do enough to end the depression. While conservatives thought the New Deal did too much, others took the opposite position. • Socialist Party • American Communist Party

32. The opponents who gained the largest audience were Populist critics.

33. Huey Long: Share the Wealth • The biggest challenge to the New Deal came from the political left – from Huey Long. • Long advocated soaking the rich and giving every family a house, car, education, and radio. • Long was assassinated in 1935.

34. Despite the critics, the New Deal was popular with most Americans. In his inaugural address, Roosevelt told Americans, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” Counting government public works programs, unemployment still stood @16% - down from @25%. FDR succeeded in reducing people’s fear, but the depression was far from over.

35. The Depression persists, but people feel more optimistic about the future • Although the initiatives in 1933 and early 1934 did not end the depression, most Americans were grateful for the effort; they demonstrated their gratitude in the 1934 mid-term elections by increasing the Democratic majority in both houses of Congress. Also, as a result of the New Deal, a new coalition emerged that reshaped the Democratic Party as its base shifted from the rural South to the industrial North and won a number of votes from Catholics, Jewish immigrants, and African Americans for the first time. • In 1935, Roosevelt shifted to the political left and launched a new series of government measures to end the Depression. This became known as the Second New Deal/Hundred Days.

36. Unemployment Rate Not counting government jobs Counting government jobs 20.6% 16.0% 14.2% 9.9% 9.1% 12.5%**** 11.3% 9.5% 8.0% 4.7% 1.9% • 1933: 24.9% • 1934: 21.7 % • 1935: 20.1% • 1936: 16.9% • 1937: 14.3% • 1938: 19.0%**** • 1939: 17.2% • 1940: 14.6% • 1941: 9.9% • 1942: 4.7% • 1943: 1.9%

37. Section Review QuickTake Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz