Antebellum Expansion

1. Antebellum Expansion Unit IVA AP United States History

2. Fundamental Questions Was the onset/cause of the Civil War solely on the issue of slavery or was it a series of circumstances? What is the historical basis and precedence of the sectional conflict between the North and South?

3. Democracy in America (1840) • Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville originally set to examine prison systems in U.S. • Thesis: the success of republicanism/representative democracy in U.S. and America preserving the balance between liberty and equality • Individualism • Equal opportunity broke old traditions of social hierarchy • Lead to development of new “aristocracy” based on industry • Religion most significant political institution to preserve democratic principles

4. National political campaigns and spoils system galvanize political parties Democrats: states’ rights laissez-faire and free trade Expansionism Pro-slavery equal opportunity South and West working class Andrew Jackson, Martin van Buren, James K. Polk Whigs: American System strong federal government Mixed on slavery social conservatives New England, Northerners upper and middle class professionals Henry Clay Rise of Third Parties Anti-Masonic Party: issue party concerned about Freemasons promoted economic nationalism and social conservatism introduced party conventions Liberty Party: abolitionist party Free Soil Party: Against expansion of slavery in new territories Second Party System (1828-1854)

5. Election of 1840 • Democrat Martin Van Buren (NY) suffers from poor economy • Whigs nominate General William Henry Harrison • Harrison dies a month later • Tyler assumes office and pursues Democrat policies

6. Manifest Destiny Away, away with these cobweb tissues of the rights of discovery, exploration, settlement,… [The American claim] is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty… - John L. Sullivan, Democratic Review, 1845

7. American Progress

8. Justification for Manifest Destiny • Empire of Liberty • Safeguard and expand the agricultural character of the American (yeoman farmer) • Misery of industrialization and urbanization • Ulterior motive or smoke screen for the expansion of slavery • Annexation of Texas • Providence - God’s will • Economical expansion • Feed the eastern industries • Preserve trade markets for farmers • Asian markets • Expansion of “civilization”

9. Efficiency of Manifest Destiny • Infrastructure • Telegraph and communication • Canals and roads • Railroads • Trails • Oregon Trail • Santa Fe Trail • Spanish Trail • Mormon Trail

10. Texas • American settlement • Fueled by Manifest Destiny • Encouraged by Mexican government • empresarios • Texas Revolution (1836) • Mexico, Texas, and slavery • Santa Anna’s policies • The Alamo (Feb-Mar 1836) • Sam Houston and Battle of San Jacinto (Apr 21, 1836) • Annexation of Texas by U.S. • North opposes and South desires • Major campaign issue in 1844 • Polk persuades joint resolution and to deal with Mexican reaction to annexation

11. Expansion and Possible Wars • Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) • Boundary dispute settled with Britain regarding British Canada and Maine, also Minnesota area • U.S. wins land rich in iron ore deposits • Oregon • Dispute between U.S. and Britain • “54’ 40 OR FIGHT!” • Treaty established border at 49th parallel (1846) • Texas • Nueces River or Rio Grande?

12. Election of 1844 • Democrats nominate James K. Polk over Tyler • Tyler could split the party • Expansion platform • Texas, Oregon • Whigs nominate Henry Clay • Liberty Party may have spoiled election for Whigs

13. Mexican-American War (1846-1848) • Thornton Affair (4/24/1846) and declaration of war • War Plan and Execution • John Fremont in California • Stephen Kearny in New Mexico • Zachary Taylor in Texas • Winfield Scott in Veracruz and Mexico City • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) • Rio Grande as Texas border • Mexican Cession (California and New Mexico) • $15 million and assumption of claims against Mexico

14. Mexican Cession

15. Mexican-American War and Sectionalism • Whigs oppose war and treaty as attempt to expand slavery; Democrats want even more territory • Wilmot Proviso (1846) • Texas as slave state and Mexican Cession lands as free • Passed House, but died in Senate

16. Election of 1848 • Whigs nominate war hero Zachary Taylor • Slaveowner and vague on slave issues • Democrats nominate Lewis Cass • Split over slavery • Free Soil Party nominates Martin van Buren • Splits Democrats • Millard Fillmore assumes office after Taylor dies in 1850 • Will be the last Whig president

17. Maintaining the Balance and Peace • In 1812, there were 9 free states and 9 slave states • Afterwards, the admission of states became more paired up in order to preserve the balance • Missouri and Maine in 1820 • Texas (1845) and Wisconsin (1848) • Gag Rule • House of Representatives institutes a prohibition of discussing and debating slavery in late 1830s and early 1840s • With the admission of California in 1850, the balance continued to favor the free states until the Civil War • By 1859, there would be 19 free states and 15 slave states

18. California Gold Rush • January 24, 1848 at Sutter’s Mill in northern California • President Polk confirmed gold in Dec. 1848 • Discovery of gold led to massive influx of settlers and immigrants • Forty-Niners • Mostly came by sea since trails were dangerous • San Francisco • Before gold… 5,000 in 1848; after gold… 25,000 in 1850 • Gold rush led to quick statehood of California in 1850 despite being acquired in 1848

19. Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay’s brainchild • Admit California as free state • Mexican Cession into Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory; decide slavery by popular sovereignty • Disputed territory between Texas and New Mexico and assume $10 million Texas debt • Reinforced Fugitive Slave Law - supported by Daniel Webster • Slave trade abolished in D.C. • Stephen A. Douglas’s (D) Efforts • Vote and pass each provision separately • Seen as an overall political victory for union and both political parties • Calhoun and some Southern states oppose • “I trust we shall persist in our resistance [to the admission of California] until the restoration of all our rights, or disunion, one or the other is the consequence. We have borne the wrongs and insults of the North long enough.” - John C. Calhoun

20. Compromise of 1850

21. Fugitive Slave Law • Enforcement of capturing and returning escaped slaves • Hunted down recent and earlier fugitives • Right to trial by jury denied • Special Commission • $10 for those finding for slaveholder • $5 for those finding for fugitive • Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Fueled anti-slavery sentiment in the North

22. Sectionalism and Expansion • Ostend Manifesto (1852) • Secret negotiation to purchase Cuba from Spain • Failed due to public awareness and sectional conflict • Northerners viewed it as southern attempt to expand slavery • Gadsden Purchase (1853) • $10 million for land to build railroad • Debate over slavery slowed negotiations and showed how slavery gripped the politics and nation

23. Result of Manifest Destiny

24. Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Moral and emotional argument against slavery Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton Helper (1857) Empirical analysis of economic impact of slavery on the South Sociology for the South (1854) by George Fitzhugh Capitalism and liberalism virtually enslaved the lower classes Slavery not only for black but also poor whites Cannibals All! (1857) by George Fitzhugh Southern slaves lived more productive and healthier lives than Northern wage workers Slavery and Literature

25. Underground Railroad • Established as a network of stations to help slaves escape into the North or Canada • Fugitive Slave Law forced escaped slaves to venture for Canada • Mostly run by free blacks and fugitive slaves • Harriet Tubman and Box Brown • Abolitionists and white supporters • Few white families in South assisted • Slave catchers knowledge

26. Election of 1852 • Democrats nominate Franklin Pierce • Compromise choice • “dark horse” candidate • “Doughface” • Whigs nominate Winfield Scott • Conscience Whigs • Cotton Whigs

27. The Death of Compromising? • The Compromise of 1850 was the last major debate of the Great Triumvirate • The Great Triumvirate was no more by 1852 • John C. Calhoun died in 1850 • Henry Clay and Daniel Webster died in 1852 • Stephen Douglas, William Seward, Jefferson Davis become the next generation of political leaders in Congress

28. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Stephen Douglas’s attempt to build a transcontinental railroad in central U.S. out of Chicago needed Southern support • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Separate Nebraska Territory into Nebraska and Kansas • Each territory voted for slavery based on popular sovereignty • Legacy • Douglas won his railroad and Southern support • Dissolved the Missouri Compromise’s 36’ 30 line • Signaled end of the Whig Party • Led to rise of the Republican Party

29. End of Second Party System • Whigs split among northern and southern factions • Democrats dominated government • Social and political tensions led to third parties • Know Nothing Party • Free Soil Party • Republican Party

30. The Republican Party • Founded in 1854 in Wisconsin as reaction to Kansas-Nebraska Act and Fugitive Slave Law • Coalition of Free Soil and anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats • Abolitionists found indirect support in Republicans • Members mostly included northern and western moderates • Platform: • Increasingly against expansion of slavery • Protective tariffs • Homestead Act/sale of federal lands • Funding for transcontinental railroad

31. Election of 1856 • Democrats nominate Pennsylvanian James Buchanan as safe bet • “Doughface” • Republicans have strong showing for sectional party • Nominate John Fremont • Attested to growing sectionalism and conflict between North and South

32. Bleeding Kansas (1854-1861) • Kansas Territory settled by two groups: anti-slavery Midwesterners and pro-slavery settlers from Missouri • Establishment of different types of governments led to further fighting and deaths • President Pierce and the federal government did little to suppress the violence

33. Brooks-Sumner IncidentMay 22, 1856 • Senator Charles Sumner (MA) criticized administration and other Senators for Bleeding Kansas, Slave Power • ‘Crime Against Kansas’ Speech • Rep. Preston Brooks (SC) defends his uncle by caning Sumner • Northern politicians ask for censure while Southerners applaud Brooks

34. Lecompton Constitution (1857-1858) • Kansas legislature attempts to draft constitution for U.S. admission • Bitter and embarrassing fight to determine free state or slave state status • President Buchanan pushes pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution to Congress • Despite Kansas vote to not enter as a slave state • Legacy • Republicans viewed it as another conspiracy of pro-slavery forces and Democrats/doughfaces • Douglas’s opposition and Buchanan’s efforts split the Democrats

35. Scott v. Sandford (1857)Dred Scott Decision • No citizenship for blacks • Slaves as property • Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional • “[Blacks] had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations, and so far unfit that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.” – Chief Justice Roger Taney

36. Panic of 1857 • Causes • Decline in European purchase of agricultural goods • Decline in grain prices • Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. fails • Overspeculation and railroad company failures • Dred Scott Decision • Northern banking and industries, Great Lakes region hit hard while Southern cotton farming not much affected • Senator James Hammond (D-SC) – “Cotton is King Speech” • Mudsill Theory

37. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) • “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.” – Abraham Lincoln • Douglas stated Lincoln’s moral position against slavery denotes racial equality • Freeport Doctrine • Douglas affirms popular sovereignty in wake of Dred Scott if voters and legislatures refuse to enact slave codes • Traps Douglas between choosing affirmation of Supreme Court decision to protect slavery and popular sovereignty • Douglas elected to U.S. Senate for Illinois

38. John Brown and Harper’s Ferry • John Brown was a radical abolitionist • Famous/Infamous for exploits in Bleeding Kansas • Attempts to lead a slave revolt by raiding federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry (1859) • Federal troops lay siege and capture Brown who is executed by Virginia government • Northerners condemn violence but honestly regret failure; Southerners feared insurrection from slaves and the North • "I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done."

39. Election of 1860 • Democrats fracture • Douglas secures nomination from moderates • Breckenridge selected by Southern Democrats • Republicans solid under Lincoln • Tariffs, infrastructure, no expansion of slavery • Crittenden Compromise • Slavery legal south of 36’ 30; fails • Electoral victory by Lincoln leads to secession • South Carolina secedes in December 1860 • Confederate States of America • Established February 8, 1861 • Will include South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, [FORT SUMTER], Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina

40. Union vs. Confederacy

41. Sectionalist PresidentsWilliam Henry Harrison - Whig(1841) • War hero of Battle of Tippecanoe • Whigs portray him as a common man • Log Cabin and Hard Cider • Tippecanoe and Tyler Too! • Really came from a wealthy, slave-owning family from Virginia • Inaugural Address • Cold and wet day • Wanted to prove he was strong like Jackson despite his critics • Walked entire route and gave two hour speech without hat or overcoat • Death • Contracts pneumonia and dies a month later

42. Sectionalist PresidentsJohn Tyler - Whig(1841-1845) • Born from Virginia planter aristocracy • U.S. Senator • Supported Jackson’s war on the Bank, but supported South Carolina in Nullification Crisis • Assumes presidency after Harrison’s death • “His Accidency” and “His Ascendency” • Fights against own Whig party policies • Cabinet resigns in protest • Whig Party disavows him

43. Sectionalist PresidentsJames K. Polk - Democrat(1845-1849) • Darkhorse candidate • Ardent expansionist • Believed in Manifest Destiny • Oregon - “54 40 or Fight!” • Texas annexation • Mexican-American War • Mexican Cession • Legacy • Polk’s land acquisitions stirred debate on slavery and disrupted the balance of free and slave states

44. Sectionalist PresidentsZachary Taylor - Whig(1849-1850) • War hero of Mexican-American War • Political novice and criticized over intellect • Views on Slavery • Slaveowner • Defender of South’s right to slavery • But opposed to idea of secession • Against expansion of slavery in new territories • Disagreed with Compromise of 1850 • Died after a year in office

45. Sectionalist PresidentsMillard Fillmore - Whig(1850-1853) • Assumes the presidency after Taylor’s death • Enthusiastically signs Compromise of 1850 • Fugitive Slave Law bitterly opposed by North • Reluctantly supported by Southerners • Effect on Whig Party • Policies lead to party fracture and eventual dissolution • Conscience Whigs • Cotton Whigs

46. Sectionalist PresidentsFranklin Pierce - Democrat(1853-1857) • Jackson Democrat from New Hampshire • Ardent expansionist and submissive to pro-slavery forces • Supported Compromise of 1850 • Signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Supported pro-slavery Kansas settlers • Barely addressed violence in Bleeding Kansas • Signed the Gadsden Purchase • Ostend Manifesto - Cuba • William Walker and Nicaragua • Endorsed Walker’s filibuster efforts

47. Sectionalist PresidentsJames Buchanan - Democrat(1857-1861) • Democrat from Pennsylvania • Considered slavery evil, but unwilling to challenge its legitimacy • Supported Kansas-Nebraska Act and Dred Scott decision • Weak against growing secessionist threat and movement

48. Free and Slave States (1789-1861)