Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation: Transforming Christianity in the 16th Century

1. World History Chapter 17: European Renaissance and Reformation Section 3: Luther Leads the Reformation

2. Christianity • Evolved from the teachings of Judaism • Based on teachings of Jesus Christ (Son of God) • Holy Book: Bible • Place of Worship: Church • The Old Testament ( first part of the Bible) is based on Hebrew Torah

3. Christianity Experienced a Crisis in 1500’s • Criticisms of the Catholic Church • Will lead to Protestors who will aim to reform the church • Groups will break away from Catholicism and establish new Christian Churches

4. Causes of the Protestant Reformation • 1. Monarchs (kings) jealous of Church Wealth • 30% of land in Europe was under Church Control/ Ownership • 2. Monarchs challenged the authority of the Pope • Struggle for power between Kings and Pope

5. Causes of the Protestant Reformation • 3. Renaissance values of humanism and secularism • led some people to question the church, their beliefs • People should read & interpret the Bible and scripture themselves

6. Causes of the Protestant Reformation • 4. Some Priests/church officials had become corrupt • Joined priesthood for wrong reasons ( power, authority, etc.)

7. Causes of the Protestant Reformation • 5. Selling of Indulgences • Indulgences - “tickets to heaven” • Forgiveness of un-repented sins for a price • How does a person reach salvation?

8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTGJMnTWrrw How many Christian churches can you name? What are the names of some churches you have seen in your neighborhoods? Life Before the Protestant Reformation, Khan Academy

9. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Catholic Monk • Education: • Master of Arts Degree, 1505 • Ordained as a Monk (Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine) 1507 • Doctorate in Theology, 1512

10. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Became a Professor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg • Asked the question: • how does a person reach salvation? • Was greatly distressed by the selling of indulgences

11. In Germany, A Priest Named Johann Tetzel • Preached the indulgences “tickets to heaven” as necessary for salvation • “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.” - Tetzel

12. 95 Theses October 31st, 1517 • Luther posted 95 theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany • List of arguments against the selling of indulgences • Copies printed & circulated thanks to the printing press

13. Martin Luther’s Beliefs: • 1. Justification by Faith Alone “sola fide” • Salvation by faith alone • 2. The need for only Two sacraments: • Baptism and the Eucharist

14. Martin Luther’s Beliefs: • 3. The Bible as the only source of truth • People should read bible & scripture for themselves • 4. No need for confession

15. Martin Luther’s Beliefs: • 5. “Priesthood of all believers/All Christians as Spiritually Equal” • No difference between clergy (priests) & laity (people) • 6. Refused authority of the Pope

16. June 15,1520 • Summoned to appear at the Diet of Worms • Ordered to recant his “heretical statements” • Pope Leo X Condemned Luther of heresy • Excommunicated Jan. 1521

17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijjbtcAEOnY Martin Luther, Khan Academy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSOnLt3YVl0 From the film Luther (2003)

18. The Spread of Lutheranism • 1520’s-1530’s • 1. Reformation Ideas spread – Printing Press • England, Northern Europe, France, Switzerland • 2. German Monarchs confiscated church lands • 4. Lutheran Faith - 1st Protestant Church

19. Protestant Christianity today • Nearly 400 million Protestants worldwide • More than 465 denominations • Ex: Lutheran, Anglican, Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Assemblies of God,

20. Protestant Reformation In Tudor England • Henry VIII (Tudor Dynasty) • ruled 1509-1547 • separated from the Catholic Church… • But not for religious reasons

21. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 1. Catherine of Aragon (Divorced) • 1st Husband Arthur (Henry’s brother) • 2nd Husband: Henry VIII (1509) • Parents: Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand of Spain

22. Six Wives of Henry VIII- Catherine of Aragon • Married for 20 years • 1 child: Mary I • But King Henry VIII wanted… • A SON !!

23. SO… King HENRY viii • Henry wanted a divorce! No sons! • Pope’s Response: NO! • The Act of Supremacy (1534) • Henry declared himself head of church & state • Broke away from Catholic church • Started the Anglican Church

24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oDpRYoYVSU Queen Catherine confronts Anne Boleyn ( the other woman and wife #2). Queen Catherine confronts King Henry VIII From: “The Other Boleyn Girl” (2008)

25. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 2. Anne Boleyn (be-headed) • King Henry VIII broke away form Catholic church to marry Anne!! • Accused of treason • Be-headed 1536 • Marriage lasted: 3 years (1533-1536) • 1 child: Elizabeth I • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7-1lXLdNAI

26. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 3. Jane Seymour (died) • Married Henry days after Anne’s execution! • Henry’s “One true love” • Marriage lasted: 1 year (1536-1537) • Child: Edward VI • Died in childbirth

27. Family Portrait

28. Henry Viii & Family, 1545 (3rd wife, Edward Vi, Elizabeth, Mary)

29. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 4. Anne of Cleaves (divorced) • German Princess - Married her sight unseen • “I like her not!” • Marriage lasted: 3 months in 1540

30. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/northern/holbein/v/hans-holbein-the-younger-portrait-of-henry-viii-1540https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/northern/holbein/v/hans-holbein-the-younger-portrait-of-henry-viii-1540 Portrait of Henry VIII, 1540 by Holbein the Younger

31. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 5. Catherine Howard (be-headed) • Cousin of Anne Boleyn (#2)! • She was 16, Henry was 49 • Accused of adultery, treason • Be-headed 1542 • Marriage lasted: 17 months (1541-1542)

32. Six Wives of Henry VIII • 6. Katherine Parr (Survived) • Married twice before, was older (30’s) • Married Henry 1543, Henry Died 1547 • Marriage lasted: 4 years • Wrote books about Protestant faith • Patron of English Protestant Reformers

33. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EGzHsye71c Divorced, Beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived! Henry VIII & Six Wives Karaoke

34. Henry VIII’S kIDS • 8 Illegitimate kids • Rumored to be his • That we know of (sort of) • 3 Legitimate kids • 1. Mary I – • born 1516 (wife #1) • 2. Elizabeth I – • born 1533 (wife #2) • 3. Edward VI • Born 1537 (wife #3) • Mary I was 17 when Elizabeth I was born • Mary was 22 when Edward was born • Elizabeth was 4 when Edward was born

35. Henry VIII’S Children • Edward VI • Became King @ age 10 • His Tutor took over legal guardianship (trouble began) • Died of tuberculosis at age 16

36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACQy3x3pJ88 To 13:30 “Edward VI – The Boy King”

37. Edward VI • Declared his Half sisters illegitimate & ineligible for the throne! • And then he Died of tuberculosis at age 16! • So… who became king/queen then?

38. The “Nine Days Queen” • Before he died, Edward declared his cousin • Lady Jane Grey heir to the throne (16) • She was forced to marry John Dudley’s son… • Ruled as Queen of England for 9 days!

39. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9ryXg74w58 “She was queen for 9 days”

40. 1st female ruler of England • Queen Mary 1 • Arrested Jane, and had her be-headed • Ruled for 5 years • Married King Phillip II OF Spain • Restored Catholicism • Nickname: “Bloody Mary” – murdered Protestants • Died of natural causes

41. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LS-27NuxqU8 About Queen Mary I

42. Elizabeth I • Became Queen at 25 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBS-MktwqgI • Ruled for 45 years! (R.1558-1603) • 1. Tolerant Protestant • 2. Built Navy/Army • 3. Good Foreign diplomacy • 4. Encouraged England’s Cultural revival

43. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDg9AoJYxeY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2i3wSXsSp4 The only surviving cloth worn by Queen Elizabeth I? (2017) About Queen Elizabeth I

44. Elizabeth I Never Married • She was “Mother” English People were her “Children” • Died 1603 • James I Inherited the throne • Son of Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s cousin) • Who was beheaded for planning a plot to kill Elizabeth…

45. http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/realtudors/explore/conservation.phphttp://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/realtudors/explore/conservation.php National Portrait Gallery, London“The Real Tudors”

46. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZelWF5G1Ir4 When Restoration takes a turn for the worst…

47. Ch17 Renaissance and Reformation Section 4: The Reformation Continues

48. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) • Leader of Swiss Reformation • Had Master of Arts Degree • Ordained Priest in 1506 • Influenced city council in Zurich to pursue church reform

49. 1. Religious images, art, decorations removed from churches 2. Mass replaced by new liturgy consisting of scripture reading, prayer and sermons 3. Music eliminated from sermons 4. Monasticism, pilgrimages, veneration of saints, clerical celibacy, Pope’s authority abolished Zwingli’s Reforms included:

50. Regarding Transubstantiation • Luther • Denied the doctrine of transubstantiation • Insisted that the real presence of the body and blood of Jesus was “in, with, and under the bread and wine” • Zwingli • Believed that the scriptural words • “this is my body” and “this is my blood” • should be taken symbolically, not literally.