Drug Chemistry and Toxicology

1. Drug Chemistry and Toxicology CHE 618 Alexander Nazarenko

2. The Receptor Concept The Nature of Drug Receptors Drug Parameters: Affinity and Efficacy The Langmuir Isotherm equation

3. Insulin receptor Transmembrane receptor Opioid receptor

4. Occupation theory Drug effect is directly proportional to number of receptors occupied Drug effect ceases as drug-receptor complex dissociate Ariens & Stephenson theoryintroduced terms of "affinity" & "efficacy" Affinity: ability of the drug to combine with receptor to create drug-receptor complex Efficacy: ability of the drug-receptor complex to initiate a response Affinity “drug-receptor interaction” is governed by the law of mass action. In this theory Agonist: drug with high affinity & high intrinsic activity Partial agonist: drug with high affinity & low intrinsic activity Antagonist: drug with high affinity & low intrinsic activity Rate theory The activation of receptors is directly proportional to the total number of encounters of the drug with its receptors per unit time Pharmacological activity is directly proportional to the rate of dissociation & association not number of receptors occupied Agonist: drug with fast association & fast dissociation Partial agonist: drug with intermediate association & intermediate dissociation Antagonist: drug with fast association & slow dissociation Induced fit theory As the drug approaches the receptor the receptors alters the conformation of its binding site to produce drug—receptor complex

5. An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and triggers a response. Whereas an agonist causes an action, an antagonist blocks the action of the agonist and an inverse agonist causes an action opposite to that of the agonist. From the Greek αγωνιστής (agōnistēs), contestant; champion; rival < αγων (agōn), contest, combat; exertion, struggle < αγω (agō), I lead, lead towards, conduct; drive

7. Drug + Receptor [Drug/Receptor Complex] K Action

8. The Langmuir Isotherm β = 100 K = 1/100 = 0.01

9. a Various plots 1/a C C/a 1/C C Lineweaver–Burk plot Hanes–Woolf plot

10. Michaelis–Menten kinetics Lineweaver–Burk or double-reciprocal plot of kinetic data, showing the significance of the axis intercepts and gradient. Michaelis-Menten Plot relating the reaction rate V to the substrate concentration [S].

11. Agonists Partial Agonist Antagonist Antagonists bind to receptors but do not activate them. This results in receptor blockage, inhibiting the binding of other agonists. Inverse Agonist Full agonists are able to activate the receptor and result in a maximal biological response. Partial agonists do not activate receptors thoroughly, causing responses which are partial compared to those of full agonists Inverse agonists reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity.

12. Full Agonist +1 Partial Agonist Neutral Antagonist Functional Response 0 Full Inverse Agonist -1 Log[Drug]

13. Competitive Antagonism effect A1 + Receptor {A1 Receptor} {A2 Receptor} A2 + Receptor

14. A1 A2 R Receptor-A1 is active A1 A1 R R R A2 A2 Receptor-A1-A2 is active

15. Similar: In coordination chemistry Metal Ion + Ligand 1 + Ligand 2 In enzyme kinetics Enzyme + Substrate + Inhibitor

16. Dose-response curve What is there that is not poison? All things are poison and nothing without poison Solely the dose determines that a thing is not a poison