Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

1. Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments June 3, 2013 Frank Rathmann (on behalf ofBNL-EDMandJEDI collaborations) INPC, Firenze, Italy

2. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicatedStorage Ring searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • News • Timeline • Conclusion Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

3. Introduction: The bigchallenges Conventional HEP wisdom, but there is more than that … Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

4. Introduction: Physics Frontiers Search for theoriginof mass („Higgs“), SUSY Secrets of neutrinos Energy Intensity Frontiers of Physical Sciences Cosmic Complexity Quest for „Dark Matter“ and „Dark Energy“ Precision (In-)stability of the proton Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

5. Introduction: Precision Frontier ESPP, Cracow, September 2012 A most promising additional frontier: Precision Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

6. Introduction: Precision Frontier Example: Neutron (nEDM) Adaptedfrom: Nature, Vol 482 (2012) Search forElectric Dipole Moments (EDM) of fundamental particles Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

7. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicatedStorage Ring searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • News • Timeline • Conclusion Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

8. Physics: Fundamental Particles Charge symmetricNoEDM () : MDM : EDM Do particles(e.g., electron, nucleon) have an EDM? Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

9. EDMs: DiscreteSymmetries Not Charge symmetric (aligned w/ spin) Permanent EDMs violate P and T. Assuming CPT to hold, CPviolated also. Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

10. Physics:Whatcausedthe Baryon asymmetry? Carina Nebula: Largest-seen star-birth regions in the galaxy Whathappenedtothe antimatter? Sakharov (1967): Three conditions for baryogenesis B number conservation violated sufficiently strongly C and CP violated, B and anti-Bs with different rates Evolution of universe outside thermal equilibrium The mysteryofthemissing antimatter (the puzzle ofourexistence) Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

11. Physics: Potential of EDMs J.M. Pendlebury: „nEDMhaskilledmoretheoriesthananyothersingleexpt.“ Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

12. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicatedStorage Ring searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • News • Timeline • Conclusion Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

13. Principle: Frozen spin Method Fortransverseelectricandmagneticfields in a ring ( ), anomalousspin precession isdescribedbyThomas-BMT equation: x Magic condition: Spin alongmomentumvector Foranysignof, in a combinedelectricandmagneticmachine 2. For(protons) in an all electric ring (magic)  Magic rings tomeasure EDMs offreechargeparticles Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

14. Principle: Rings forsrEDMsearches • Place particles in a storage ring • Alignspinalongmomentum („Freeze“ horizontal spinprecession) • Search for time developmentofverticalpolarization New Methodtomeasure EDMs offreechargedparticles: Magic rings withspinfrozenalongmomentum Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

15. EDMs: Storage ring projects pEDM in all electric ring at BNL Jülich, focus on deuterons, or a combinedmachine orat FNAL (fromR. Talman) CW and CCW propagatingbeams (from A. Lehrach) Twoprojects: US (BNL or FNAL) andEurope (FZJ) Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

16. Beat systematics: BNL Proposal 2 beamssimultaneouslyrotating in an all electricring (cw, ccw) CW & CCW beams cancels systematic effects Status: ApprovedBNL-Proposal Submittedto DOE Interest FNAL! Goal forprotons Manytechnologicalchallengesneedtobemet Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

17. Principle: Magic Storage ring A magicstorage ring forprotons (electrostatic), deuterons, … B Possible tomeasure, , usingONEmachinewithm Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

18. CCW & CCW withmagneticfield:Richard Talmansconceptfor a Jülich all-in-onemachine Iron-free, current-only, magnetic bending, eliminates hysteresis B A Configurationgeneratesclose-to-perfectverticalBfield B A Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

19. Magic ring: Jülich all-in-onemachine(R. Talmansconcept) B Maximum achievablefieldofcoppermagnets T. VerycompactmachinespossibleforsrEDMsearches Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

20. EDMs – Sensitivity Reach EDM search in charged baryon (systems) pEDM dEDM Adaptedfrom: Nature, Vol 482 (2012) NodirectmeasurementsforprotonanddeuteronEDM yet ! Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

21. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicated Storage Ring Searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • News • Timeline • Conclusion Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

22. srEDMsearches: Technogicalchallenges • Chargedparticle EDM searchesrequiredevelopmentof a newclassof high-precisionmachineswithmainlyelectricfieldsforbendingandfocussing. • Other topics: • Electric fieldgradients • Spin coherence time • Continuous polarimetry • Beam positioning • Spin tracking These issues must beaddressedexperimentallyatexistingfacilities Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

23. Challenge: Electric field for magic rings Rfieldonly Challenge toproduce large electricfieldgradients Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

24. Challenge: Niobium electrodes DPP stainlesssteel fine-grainNb Show oneslide on JLAB data HV devices large-grainNb single-crystalNb large-grainNb Large-grainNbatplateseparationof a few cm yields ~20 MV/m Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

25. Challenge: Electric field for magic rings Electrostatic separatorsatTevatronusedtoavoidunwanted interactions - electrodesmadefromstainlesssteel L~2.5 m Routine operationatspark/Year atMV/m June 2013: Transfer ofseparatorunitplus equipmentfrom FNAL to Jülich Need todevelopnewelectrodematerialsandsurfacetreatments Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

26. “spin closed orbit vector” makes one turn “spin tune” if ║ ring stable polarization A Challenge: Spin coherence time Spin closedorbit one particle with magnetic moment Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

27. Challenge: Spin coherence time Weusuallydon‘tworryaboutcoherenceofspinsalong Polarization not affected! Atinjection all spinvectorsaligned (coherent) After some time, spinvectorsget out ofphaseandfullypopulatethecone Situation very different, whenyou deal withmachineswithfrozenspin. Longitudinal polarizationvanishes! Atinjection all spinvectorsaligned Later, spinvectorsare out ofphase in the horizontal plane In an EDM machine with frozen spin, observation time is limited. Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

28. Challenge:SCT stimates (N.N. Nikolaev) Onesourceofspincoherencearerandomvariationsofthespin tune due tothemomentumspread in the beam and israndomizedby e.g., electroncooling Estimate: Spin coherence time for deuterons may be 𝟏𝟎𝟎× larger than for protons Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

29. EDM at COSY: COolerSYnchrotron Cooler andstorage ring for(polarized)protonsanddeuterons Phase space cooledinternal & extractedbeams COSY … the spin-physics machine for hadron physics … an ideal startingpoint for a srEDMsearch Injector cyclotron Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

30. Challenge: First measurementof SCT 2011 Test measurementsat COSY Polarimetry: Spin coherence time: from Ed Stephenson and Greta Guidoboni decoherence time oscillation capture Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

31. Challenge: SCT recentachievements Resultfrom 2012 run from Ed Stephenson (Indiana) and Greta Guidoboni (Ferrara) Excellentprogresstowardsthe SCT goalforpEDM:s Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

32. Challenge: Polarimetry Beam polarimetry atppm levelachievedfordeuteronbeams Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

33. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicated Storage Ring Searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • News • Timeline • Conclusion Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

34. Precursorexperiments: RF methods Methodbased on makingspinprecession in machine resonant withorbitmotion Twoways: Use an RF devicethatoperates on someharmonicsofthespinprecessionfrequency Operate ring on an imperfectionresonance Useexistingmagneticmachinesforfirstdirect EDM measurements Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

35. Precursorexperiments: 1. ResonanceMethodwith „magic“ RF Wien filter Avoidscoherentbetatronoscillationsof beam. Radial RF-E andvertical RF-B fieldstoobservespinrotation due to EDM. Approach pursuedfor a firstdirectmeasurementat COSY.  „Magic RF Wien Filter“no Lorentz force Indirect EDM effect Observable: Accumulationofverticalpolarizationduringspincoherence time RF E(B)-field In-plane polarization stored d Polarimeter (dpelastic) • Statistical sensitivityfor in therange to rangepossible. • Alignmentandfieldstabilityof ring magnets • Imperfectionof RF-E(B) flipper Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

36. Precursorexperiments: 1. ResonanceMethodfordeuteronsat COSY Parameters: beam energy assumed EDM E-field • EDM effect accumulates in Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

37. Precursorexperiments: 1. ResonanceMethodfordeuteronsat COSY Parameters: beam energy assumed EDM E-field EDM effectaccumulates in Linear extrapolationoffor a time periodofyields a sizeable. Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

38. Development: RF E/B-Flipper (RF Wien Filter) Upgrade testflipperwithelectrostaticfieldplatesready end ofyear. Buildlower power versionusing a striplinesystem Build high-power versionofstriplinesystem () Work byS. Mey, R. Gebel (Jülich) J. Slim, D. Hölscher (IHF RWTH Aachen) Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

39. Precursorexperiments: 2. ResonanctEDM measurementwithstaticWien Filter Machineoperated on imperfectionspinresonanceat withoutstatic WF Spin rotation in phasewithorbitmotion Similaraccumulationof EDM signal, systematicsmoredifficult, strengthofimperfectionresonance must besuppressedbyclosed-orbit corrections. Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

40. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicated Storage Ring Searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • News • Timeline • Conclusion Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

41. New EDM collaborationestablished May theforcebewithus! In 2012, JEDIcollaborationfounded (members) Jülich ElectricDipole Moment Investigations Spokespersons: Andreas Lehrach (Jülich) Jörg Pretz (RWTH Aachen) F.R. (Jülich) Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

42. Events in 2013 • JARA-FAME kick-offJanuary17, 2013 • newpillarof Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance • Samuel C. C. Ting on AMS-Experiment at ISS • JEDI collaborationmeetingMarch 13-14, 2013 • Ferrara International School NiccolòCabeo2013 Physicsbeyondthestandardmodel:The precisionfrontierMay, 20-24 2013, IUSS, Ferrara (Italy) • Opportunities for Polarized Physics at Fermilab May 20-22, 2013, Fermilab, USA Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

43. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicated Storage Ring Searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • News • Timeline • Conclusion Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

44. Timeline: Stepwiseapproachall-in-onemachineforJEDI Time scale: Steps1 and 2: years (i.e., in POF 3) Steps3 and 4: years Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

45. Conclusion • Measurements of EDMs extremelydifficult, but fantasticphysicsreach • Twostorage ring projects, at BNL and Jülich • BNL all-electricmachineatmagicmomentum • Jülich goesfor all-in-onemachineconcept (deuteron) • Pursue SCT investigationsat COSY • VerygoodprospectsforfirstdirectEDM measurementsofandat COSYusingresonancemethodsbased on RF E(B) –fields • New collaborationestablished: JEDI • Bothcollaborations workjointly on technologicalchallenges: Polarimetry, SCT, E-fieldgeneration, BPMs, etc • Strong needfor high precisionspintrackingtools, incl. RF structures • Begin electrostaticdeflectordevelopmentusing FNAL equipment • JEDI: Ideastoconvergeby fall of 2013 POF 3 Evaluation Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

46. “Man mußetwasNeuesmachen, um etwasNeueszusehen.” “You have to make (create) something new, if you want to see something new” Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799) Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

47. Spares Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

48. Physics: Potential of EDMs N. Arkani-Hamed (IAS, Princeton) atIntensityFrontier WS, USA (2011) Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

49. Physics: Limits for Electric Dipole Moments EDM searches– onlyupperlimitsyet(in ) Huge efforts underway worldwide to improve limits / find EDMs Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments

50. EDMs: Whyis CPV so interesting? • CPV in the SM points to physics we do not understand • CPV is highly sensitive to physics beyond the SM (New Physics) • CPV is accessible to a wide range of experiments • New source of CPV beyond the SM required for baryogenesis Physicsbeyondthe Standard Model (BSM) Search for permanent Electric Dipole Moments